milgrams variations - social

• what was experiment 7

  telephonic instructions
• what was the change made in experiment 7

  the 'experimenter' gave orders over the telephone rather than face to face
• why did they make this change in experiment 7

  to see if the removal of the physical presence of the experimenter would change obedience levels
• what were the % results from experiment 7

  22.5% were fully obedient
• what other things were found in experiment 7

  ppts lied over the phone saying they were raising shock levels when they really were keeping it on a lower voltage

  . ppts found it easier to resist authority - when the researcher came back into the room the defiant ppts came obedient again
• conclusion from experiment 7

  the physical presence of the authority figure appears to be an important situational factor that increases obedience and reduces dissent
• what is a counter argument for experiment 7s findings

  Hofling showed 21 out of 22 of his nurses obeyed orders over the phone so this removal of authority figure presence had no effect in his experiment
• overall evaluation of experiment 7

  lacked external validity so could be a misinterpretation of how people would really act
• what was experiment 10

  Run down office block
• what change was made in experiment 10

  study was moved to a rundown building, ppts were told the study was being run by a private firm
• why was the change made in experiment 10

  ppts of original study said that the prestigious university setting led them to trust the integrity and competence of the experimenter
• % results from experiment 10

  48% were fully obedient
• what else was found in experiment 10

  . transcripts showed ppts voiced their doubts about the legitimacy of the research and their concern for the learners safety
• conclusion from experiment 10

  prestigious context is an important situational factor that affects obedience levels as a less reputable context/setting reduces the legitimacy of the authority figure which lowers obedience
• evaluation of experiment 10

  qualitative data and quantitative data was collected, this allows researchers to gain a deeper understanding of ppts behaviour
• what was experiment 13

  ordinary man gives orders
• what change was made in experiment 13

  there were two confederates - one as the learner like usual and an extra whos role was to 'record times
• procedure n experiment 13

  experimenter explains task and straps learner in, then receives a 'phone call' which causes him to have to leave the room. he tells the confederate and ppt to get the learner to learn all the word pairs. once experimenter leaves, confederate is enthusiastic and suggests administering shocks of increasing intensity every time the learner makes a mistake - confederate insists they do this
• reason for the change made in experiment 13

  to see whether people will obey an order due to the strength of the command itself or due to the status of the person giving the order
• % results from experiment 13

  20% were obedient, 80% refused to continue with ordinary mans orders
• conclusion from experiment 13

  shows that orders must come from a legitimate source to be effective and this is an important situational factor that can encourage dissent
• evaluation of experiment 13

  lacks internal validity - withdrawal of experimenter was awkward. in many cases there were traces of derived authority