M3

• What are repeated measurements in experiments?

  Measurements made on each subject over time
• Why are repeated measurements used in research?

  To assess changes over time in subjects
• In a diabetes study, what is measured before treatment?

  Glucose level of patients
• What does repeated measurement design involve?

  Administering a single treatment multiple times
• What is a crossover design in research?

  Participants receive two different treatments
• What is the purpose of a control group in experiments?

  For comparison with the experimental group
• What are the two types of control groups?

  Negative and positive control groups
• What does a negative control group receive?

  A treatment that will not give an effect
• What does a positive control group receive?

  A treatment known for a particular effect
• What are laboratory techniques and methods?

  • Procedures for conducting scientific experiments
  • Essential for utilizing laboratory equipment
• How does Cambridge dictionary define a laboratory?

  A room for scientific tests and teaching
• What are microbiological techniques used for?

  Studying microorganisms like bacteria and viruses
• What is sterilization in microbiology?

  Heating media to kill all living organisms
• What temperature is used for sterilization in an autoclave?

  121°C for 15 minutes
• What are aseptic techniques used for?

  To reduce bacterial contamination risk
• What is inoculation in microbiology?

  Introducing bacteria to a media
• How are bacteria introduced to agar?

  Using a heat-sterilized loop
• What is incubation in microbiology?

  Maintaining conditions for growth and development
• What is the typical incubation temperature for pathogens?

  37 °C
• What is spectrophotometry used for?

  Measuring light absorption and transmittance
• What does a spectrophotometer measure?

  The intensity of light passing through a sample
• What is extraction in laboratory techniques?

  Converting compounds into another phase
• What are the steps for preparing crude extracts from plants?

  1. Air Drying of Samples
  2. Grinding the Dried Samples
  3. Soaking in a Solvent
  4. Collecting the Filtrate
  5. Evaporating the Solvent
  6. Recovering the Extract
• What is the purpose of air drying plant samples?

  To enhance extraction efficiency of compounds
• Why is grinding important in the extraction process?

  It allows compounds to dissolve more easily
• What is the first step in the extraction process?

  Air drying of samples
• What is the purpose of soaking ground samples in a solvent?

  To dissolve compounds into the solvent
• What are common solvents used in extraction?

  Ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether, hexane
• What is the purpose of collecting the filtrate?

  To obtain dissolved compounds from samples
• What is the last step in preparing crude extracts?

  Evaporating the solvent
• What is titration used for?

  Determining the concentration of a solution
• What are the common types of titration?

  Acid-base and redox titration
• What does acid-base titration depend on?

  Neutralization between an acid and a base
• What is aeration in soil?

  Interchange of gases between atmosphere and soil
• What is centrifugation used for?

  Separating substances using centrifugal force
• What does chromatography mean?

  Color writing
• What are the main types of chromatography?

  1. Gas Chromatography
  2. Liquid Chromatography
  3. Paper Chromatography
  4. Thin-layer Chromatography
• What is the application of gas chromatography?

  Analyzing volatile gases
• What is the application of liquid chromatography?

  Analyzing metal ions and organic compounds
• What is paper chromatography used for?

  Separating amino acids and anions