Chapter 1 - Intro to anatomy and physiology

• Anatomy - study of the structure of body parts (their forms and how they are organised)
• Physiology - study of the functions of body parts (what they do and how they do it)
• Levels of organisation:

  A) macromolecule

  B) molecule

  C) tissue

  D) organ system

  E) organ

  
• Characteristics of life:

  A) growth

  B) reproduction

  C) responsiveness

  D) movement

  E) digestion

  F) circulation

  
• major requirements of organisms:

  • Chemicals - Water is the most abundant chemical, required for metabolic processes, helps regulate body temp, carries substances within organisms
  • Heat - form of energy, product of metabolic reactions
  • Pressure - important in breathing. Atmospheric pressure = force on outside of body due to weight of air. Hydrostatic pressure = pressure liquid exerts
• Homeostasis regulates the internal conditions of the body
• Homeostatic mechanisms

  • Homeostatic mechanisms are any control systems that maintain normal internal environment in body and has 3 components
  • Receptors - provide info about specific conditions
  • Set point - target value for physiological conditions maintained in the body by homeostasis
  • Effectors - bring about responses that alter conditions in internal environment
  • They work via negative feedback (return conditions back to normal)
  • Some feedback mechanisms are positive (stimulate further change)

  A) stimulus

  B) receptors

  C) effectors

  D) response

  E) control center

  
• Major body cavities:

  • Cranial cavity - houses the brain
  • Vertebral cavity - contains spinal cord
  • Thoracic cavity - hollow space inside chest that contains thoracic organs
  • Abdominopelvic cavity - space between the diaphragm and the pelvic outlet
  • Last 2 cavities organs are called viscera

  A) cranial

  B) vertebral

  C) thoratic

  D) abdominopelvic

  
• Anterior view of major body cavities

  A) cranial

  B) vertebral

  C) pleural

  D) pleural

  E) peridardial

  F) thoratic

  G) abdomino

  H) pelvic

  
• Cavities within the head:

  • Oral - contain teeth and tongue
  • Nasal - located within the nose and divide left and right side by nasal septum
  • Orbital - contain eyes and associates with skeletal muscles and nerves
  • Tympanic - contain middle ear bones

  A) frontal

  B) sphenoidal

  C) oral

  D) orbital

  
• Organs in each major cavity:

  • cranial - contains brain
  • thoratic
  • each pleural contains a lung (left and right)
  • mediastium contains heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus
  • thoratic cavity wall is composed of skin, skeletal muscles and various bones
  • abdominal - contains stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys and most of the small and large intestines
  • pelvic - contains terminal end of large intestine, urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs
• Integumentary system

  • includes - skin and accessory organs like nails, hair, etc
  • functions - protect underlying tissue, regulate body temp

  
• Skeletal system

  • includes - bones, ligaments and cartilages that hold them together
  • functions - provide frameworks and protective shields for softer tissues

  
• Muscular system

  • includes - skeletal muscles
  • functions - provide forces that move the body, maintain posture and are a major heat source

  
• Nervous system

  • includes - brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
  • functions - communicate with muscles and glands, secrete products

  
• Endocrine system

  • includes - glands that secrete hormones
  • functions - secrete hormones that move from the glands in body fluids

  
• Cardiovascular system

  • includes - heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood
  • functions -heart pumps blood around the body, blood transports substances and can transport oxygen from lungs to the body

  
• Lymphatic system

  • includes - lymphatic vessels and nodes, thymus, spleen and lymph fluid
  • functions - transports some of the tissue fluid back to the bloodstream and carries fatty substances from the digestive organs to the bloodstream, lymphocytes protect the body against infections

  
• Digestive system

  • includes - mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine
  • functions - break down food molecules into simpler forms that can pass through cell membranes and thus into body fluids

  
• Respiratory system

  • includes - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
  • functions - obtains oxygen for the body cells and removes carbon dioxide

  
• Urinary system

  • includes - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
  • functions - kidney removes water from the body and maintains the body's water and electrolyte concentrations

  
• Reproductive system

  • Males
  • include - scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, and urethra
  • functions - produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract
  • Females
  • includes - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva
  • functions - development of embryos, carries fetuses to term and functions in the birth process

  
• Relative positions part 1:

  • Superior = body part is above another part
  • Inferior = body part is below another body part
  • Anterior = towards the front
  • Posterior = towards the back

  A) superior

  B) inferior

  C) posterior

  D) anterior

  
• Relative positions part 2:

  • Medial = imaginary midline that divides the body into equal right and left halves
  • Lateral = towards the side
  • Bilateral = refers to paired structures
  • Ipsilateral = structures on the same side
  • Contralateral = structures on the opposite side
  • Proximal = body point is close to the point of attachment
  • Distal = body part is far from the point of attachment
  • Superficial = situated near the surface
  • Deep = parts more internal than superficial parts

  A) medial

  B) lateral

  C) proximal

  D) distal

  
• Body sections:

  • Sagittal plane = lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left portions
  • Median (midsagittal) = sagittal plane that passes along the midline
  • Transverse = plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
  • Frontal = plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

  A) midsagittal

  B) horizontal

  C) coronal

  
• Body sections:

  • cross section = cut across the cylindrical structure
  • oblique section = angular cut
  • longitudinal section = lengthwise cut

  A) cross

  B) oblique

  C) longitudinal

  
• Abdominal area : 9 regions

  1. epigastric (upper middle portion)
  2. 2 hypochondriac regions (on each side of epigastric)
  3. umbilical (middle portion)
  4. 2 lateral regions (on each side of umbilical region)
  5. public (lower middle portion)
  6. 2 inguinal (each side of pubic region)

  A) epigastric

  B) lateral

  C) lateral

  D) inguinal

  E) inguinal

  
• Abdominal area : 4 quadrats

  A) right upper

  B) left lower

  C) left upper

  D) right lower

  
• Adjectives used to refer to various body regions:

  A) cephalic

  B) cervical

  C) buccal

  D) sternal

  E) acromial

  F) antecubital

  G) coxal

  H) carpal

  I) patellar

  J) tarsal

  K) sural

  L) sacral

  M) lumbar

  N) dorsal

  O) acromial

  P) occipital

  
• Aids to understanding words:

  • Append - (to hang something)
  • Cardi- (heart)
  • Cran - (helmet)
  • Dors - (back)
  • Homeo - (same)
  • - logy (study of)
  • Meta - (change)
  • Pariet - (wall)
  • Pelv - (basin)
  • Peri - (around)
  • Pleur- (rib)
  • - stasis (standing still)
  • - tomy (cutting)