Immigration and race relations in 60’s

• Where did migrants come from?

  • India
  • Pakistan
  • Nigeria
  • Ghana
  • Cyprus
• Textiles factories in north and engineering in midlands
• Mass emigration accompanied this to Australia
• Carribean migration is replaced by Asian
• 1968 Commonwealth immigrants act

  • Entry restricted to those with parent and grandparent in UK
• Bristol bus boycott 1963 :

  • Drew national attention and backed by mp’s
  • under no circumstances would they employ black people
  • harold Wilson and Tony benn supported
• 1967 - Norwell Robert becomes first black polcie officer
• 1960’s - Kenya and Uganda

  • Minsority Asians persecuted as colonies used them before to support railway work
  • discriminatory restriction on Indians in 60’s
  • arrived after Kenyan independence
• who was Enoch powell?

  • conservatie mp seen as a reformer
  • shadow defence secretary
  • Double first at Cambridge
  • Vicerot of India
• Makes rivers of blood speech and then sacked by heath
• times denote the speech as evil and is the first politician to appeal to racial hatred in history
• up to 73% disagreed with sacking
• large numbers of working class public supported Powell

  • 1000 dock workers march on victimisation of Powell
  • Smithfield’s market porters hand in 93 page petitions
• Powell faced resistcne from students
• 1979 - less than 7% of population were migrants
• 1 in 5 objected to working with asian and black people
• 9 out of 10 disagreed with mix marriage
• half of the population refused to live nexx door to a black person
• • Immigrants carried the NHS and kept itfunctioning and supported economy
• Immigration act 1968 - limited the right of return for nonwhite commonwealth immigrants
• Young people were impacted greatly with culture

  • Notting hill carnival
  • Ethnic musc, hippie style and commmunity
• Race relations reform 1968

  • Police brutality anf racism claims excluded ]
  • Number of reports remained low as victims had little faith in effective redress