L6 | NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
Cards (64)
- NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
- Also known as Agricultural Revolution
- Lifestyle: From hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement
- Learned that they can cultivate
- EGALITARIAN
- Earliest Neolithic society
- People did not differ much in wealth, prestige, or power.
- EGALITARIAN SOCIETY
- All are considered equal
- No class system but relatively equal access to income and wealth
- THE CRADLES OF CIVILIZATION
- Civilization that emerged independently
- Developed in around rivers
- Provided enough water for large scale agriculture
- Permitted the development of hierarchical society with a division of labor and led to growth of cities.
- 4 CRADLES OF CIVILIZATION
- Tigris Euphrates River Civilization of Mesopotamia
- The Nile River Valley Civilization of Egypt
- The Yellow River Civilization of China
- Indus Valley Civilization of India
- THE RISE OF THE STATE
- Early civilizations: characterized by the presence of
- City states
- System of writing
- Ceremonial center
- Where public debates and decision-making were conducted.
- THE RISE OF THE STATE
- Not all societies was considered as civilizations as not all possess political system that could be equated to a state.
- STATE
- Political entity that has 4 requisite elements:
- Territory
- Sovereignty
- People
- Government.
- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
- SUMER
- Site of the earliest known civilization
- Southernmost part of Mesopotamia
- Between Tigris and Euphrates rivers
- Area that later became Babylonia and is now southern Iraq
- 12 SEPARATE CITY STATES OF SUMER CIVILIZATION
- Kish
- Erech (Uruk)
- Ur
- Sippar
- Akshak
- Larak
- Nippur
- Adab
- Umma
- Lagash
- Bad-tibira
- Larsa
- SUMERIAN CITY STATES
- Each:
- Comprised a walled city
- Worshipped its own deity, whose temple was the central structure of the city.
- Adopted the institution of kingship.
- SUMERIAN CITY STATE
- Governed by a king: LUGAL
- “Big man”
- Oversaw the cultivation of the land and was bound to the gods to ensure their will was done on earth.
- MESILIM OR ETANA
- SARGON OF AKKAD
- UR-NAMMU
- KUBABA
- MESILIM OR ETANA
- First king to unite the separate city states
- Author of the earliest extant royal inscription
- Recorded his arbitration of a boundary dispute between the south Babylonian cities of Lagash and Umma.
- SARGON OF AKKAD
- Also known as Sargon, the great
- First ruler of the Akkadian Empire
- Known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states.
- First person in recorded history to rule over an empire.
- UR-NAMMU
- Founded the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur, in southern Mesopotamia, following several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule.
- Main achievement: State building
- Legal code: Code of Ur-Nammu
- Oldest known surviving example in the world.
- KUBABA
- Also Kug-Bau or Ku-Baba
- First known female ruler
- Brewed and sold beer in the ancient city of Kish in Mesopotamia.
- OUTSTANDING SUMERIAN CONTRIBUTIONS
- First wheeled vehicles & potter’s wheel
- First system of writing (Cuneiform)
- First code of law
- First city-states
- Ziggurats
- Eridu Genesis
- Myth of Adapa
- Invented "time"
- Cylinder seals
- ZIGGURATS
- Temple complex which would inspire the later tale of the Tower of Babel
- ERIDU GENESIS
- Earliest version of the Great Flood Tale, later retold in the Atrahasis, The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Genesis
- MYTH OF ADAPA
- Mesopotamian story of the Fall of Man in that it explains why human beings are mortal
- Basis of the bible’s Garden of Eden
- CYLINDER SEALS
- Used as an administrative tool
- Form of signature, as well as jewelry and as magical amulets
- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATIONS
- Developed along the Nile River
- Annual flooding ensured reliable, rich soil for growing crops
- Repeated struggles for political control showed the importance of the region's agricultural production and economic resources.
- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATIONS
- Unification under King Menes (Narmer) -> conquest by Alexander the Great
- Ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world.
- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATIONS
- From the great pyramids of the Old Kingdom through the military conquests of the New Kingdom, created a study all its own: Egyptology.
- OUTSTANDING EGYPTIAN CONTRIBUTIONS
- The pyramids
- Writing
- Papyrus sheets
- Black ink
- Ox drawn plow
- Sickle
- Calendars
- Irrigation
- Shadoof
- Obelisks
- Surgical instruments
- Wigs
- Toothpaste
- Cosmetic makeup
- Mummification
- The Pyramids
- Oldest pyramid, erected for King Zoser
- WRITINGS
- Although their writing changed to the abstract form of Hieratic, they deliberately preserved the hieroglyphic pictures in their original forms.
- PAPYRUS SHEETS
- Earliest paper - like material
- BLACK INK
- Mixed vegetable gum, soot, bee wax
- SICKLE
- Curved blade used for cutting and harvesting grain, such as wheat and barley.
- CALENDARS
- Had 365 days and 12 months with 30 days in each month and an additional 5 festival days at the end of the year
- Did not account for the additional fraction of a day
- Gradually became incorrect, eventually, Ptolemy III added one day to the 365 days every four years
- SHADOOF
- Long balancing pole with a weight on one end and a bucket on the other
- OBELISKS
- Used as sun clocks by noting how its shadow moved around its surface throughout the day
- COSMETIC MAKEUP
- Both men and women wore eye makeup believing it could cure eye diseases and keep them from falling victim to the evil eye
- MUMMIFICATION
- Expert at preserving the bodies of the dead
- THE GREECE CITY STATES
- People lived scattered throughout Greece in small farming villages.
- Most built a marketplace (agora) and a community meeting place.
- Developed governments; organized citizens through set of laws
- Raised armies and collected taxes
- GREECE CITY STATES
- Poleis - plural
- Polis - singular
- GREECE CITY STATES
- Protected by a particular god or goddess, to whom the citizens owed a great deal of reverence, respect and sacrifice.
- Greek philosophical culture is exemplified in the dialogues of:
- PLATO
- ARISTOTLE