Psychopathology

• What are social norms?


  Unwritten behavioral expectations varying by culture
• What is the definition of abnormality based on social norms?

  Deviation from unwritten behavioral expectations
• Who are social deviants?

  Individuals who break societal norms
• Why is diagnosing abnormality according to social norms considered not ethnocentric?

  It respects non-western cultural perspectives
• What does failure to function adequately refer to?

  Inability to cope with daily life challenges
• What are Rosenhan and Seligman's features of maladaptive behavior?

  Unpredictable actions against long-term interests
• What does statistical infrequency indicate?

  Rare mental conditions in the population
• What is one criterion for diagnosing intellectual disability disorder?

  Having an IQ of 70 or fewer
• What is the negative aspect of statistical infrequency?

  Not all rare traits are negative
• What are the six features of ideal mental health according to Joda?

  Environmental mastery, autonomy, resisting stress, self-actualization, positive attitude, accurate perception
• Why is deviation from ideal mental health considered too strict?

  It's challenging to meet all criteria simultaneously
• What are the characteristics of phobias?

  • Behavioral avoidance of phobic objects
  • Panic responses like screaming or running
  • Emotional anxiety and persistent arousal
  • Cognitive irrational thoughts about the phobic object
• What are the characteristics of depression?

  • Behavioral reduction in activity level
  • Emotional sadness and persistent low mood
  • Cognitive poor concentration and negative schemas
• What are the characteristics of OCD?

  • Behavioral compulsions to reduce anxiety
  • Emotional anxiety and persistent arousal
  • Cognitive obsessions and intrusive thoughts
• What does the two-process model explain about phobias?

  Phobias are learned through conditioning
• What is classical conditioning in the context of phobias?

  Neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
• What is the role of negative reinforcement in phobias?

  It strengthens avoidance behavior by reducing anxiety
• How does generalization relate to phobias?

  Fear response extends to similar stimuli
• What is systematic desensitization?

  A gradual exposure therapy for phobias
• What is flooding in the context of phobia treatment?

  Immediate and full exposure to phobic stimulus
• What is the main focus of Beck's cognitive therapy?

  To change negative schemas and thoughts
• What is the ABC model in Ellis's therapy?

  Activating event, belief, consequence
• What is the role of homework in cognitive therapy?

  To identify sources of negative thinking
• What is the genetic explanation for OCD?

  OCD is inherited through multiple candidate genes
• What is the neural explanation for OCD?

  Low serotonin levels affect the worry circuit
• What are SSRIs used for in treating OCD?

  To control symptoms by increasing serotonin
• What are the common side effects of drug therapy for OCD?

  Nausea, headache, and insomnia
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of drug therapy for OCD?

  Advantages:

  • Relatively inexpensive for the NHS
  • Convenient for patients

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Potential side effects
  • May not address underlying issues
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of cognitive therapies for depression?

  Strengths:

  • Effective in changing negative schemas
  • Empowers patients to take control

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Requires motivation and commitment
  • May overlook past trauma