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Unit 2 Biology
2.4 Adaptations for nutrition
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Cards (45)
What is autotrophic nutrition?
Organisms use simple
organic
molecules
to make
food
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What do photoautotrophs use as a source of energy?
Light
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What do chemoautotrophs use for energy?
Energy from
chemical
reactions
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What is heterotrophic nutrition?
Feeding on
complex
organic
molecules
produced by
autotrophs
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What are the types of heterotrophic nutrition?
Holozoic:
Ingest
and
digest
food
Saprophytes: Feed on
dead
matter
Parasites: Live
on
or
in
a
host
Mutualism: Both species
benefit
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What type of nutrition does an amoeba use?
Holozoic nutrition
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How does an amoeba absorb food?
By
diffusion
into the
vacuole
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What is intracellular digestion in amoebas?
Digestion occurs within the
vacuole
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What is absorption in the context of nutrition?
Small
soluble
molecules pass across the
membrane
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What is assimilation in nutrition?
Building
small
molecules into
complex
ones
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What enzymes do endodermal cells in hydra secrete?
Protease
and
lipase
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What is the role of salivary amylase?
Breaks
starch
down into
maltose
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How does a hydra capture its prey?
Using
tentacles
to
sting
and
paralyze
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What is the function of the esophagus?
Carries
food
to
the
stomach
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What happens to food in the stomach?
It mixes with
gastric juice
and is
digested
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What is the role of gastric juice?
Digests
proteins
and kills
bacteria
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What is the pH level of stomach contents?
About pH
2
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What is the function of bile?
Emulsifies
lipids
and
neutralizes
stomach acid
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What is the role of the duodenum?
Digests
sucrose
,
maltose
, and
lactose
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What happens in the ileum?
Absorption
of
nutrients
occurs
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How long is the large intestine?
1.5
metres long
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What materials pass into the colon?
Undigested
food
,
mucus
,
bacteria
, and
dead
cells
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What is the role of the colon wall?
Water absorption
and
vitamin secretion
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What is defecation?
Process of
egesting
semi-solid material
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How is glucose processed in the body?
Transported to the
liver
for
energy
or
storage
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What happens to excess amino acids?
Deaminated
and converted to
urea
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How are lipids used in the body?
In
membranes
and
hormone
production
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Where does protein digestion occur?
In the
stomach
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What enzymes digest proteins?
Protease
and
peptidase
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What are endopeptidases?
Enzymes
that
hydrolyse
peptide bonds
within proteins
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How are amino acids absorbed?
By
active transport
into
epithelial cells
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How do individual amino acids enter capillaries?
By
facilitated diffusion
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What are the adaptations of tapeworms as parasites?
Thick
cuticle
for
protection
Produces
anti-enzymes
against
host
Scolex
with
hooks
and
suckers
Reduced
gut
for
nutrient
absorption
Hermaphroditic
, producing many
eggs
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What are the characteristics of ectoparasites like lice?
Have
claws
for
gripping
Produce many
eggs
with
glue-like
substance
Headlice
suck
blood
from the scalp
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What is the main food source for ruminants?
Cellulose
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Why can't ruminants digest cellulose?
They lack
cellulase
enzymes
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What is cud in ruminants?
Grass
mixed with
saliva
for
chewing
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What happens to cud in the rumen?
It
is
regurgitated
for
further
chewing
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What occurs in the omasum?
Water
and
organic
acids
are
absorbed
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What happens in the abomasum?
Protein is digested by
pepsin
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