2.4 Adaptations for nutrition

    Cards (45)

    • What is autotrophic nutrition?
      Organisms use simple organic molecules to make food
    • What do photoautotrophs use as a source of energy?
      Light
    • What do chemoautotrophs use for energy?
      Energy from chemical reactions
    • What is heterotrophic nutrition?
      Feeding on complex organic molecules produced by autotrophs
    • What are the types of heterotrophic nutrition?
      • Holozoic: Ingest and digest food
      • Saprophytes: Feed on dead matter
      • Parasites: Live on or in a host
      • Mutualism: Both species benefit
    • What type of nutrition does an amoeba use?
      Holozoic nutrition
    • How does an amoeba absorb food?
      By diffusion into the vacuole
    • What is intracellular digestion in amoebas?
      Digestion occurs within the vacuole
    • What is absorption in the context of nutrition?
      Small soluble molecules pass across the membrane
    • What is assimilation in nutrition?
      Building small molecules into complex ones
    • What enzymes do endodermal cells in hydra secrete?
      Protease and lipase
    • What is the role of salivary amylase?
      Breaks starch down into maltose
    • How does a hydra capture its prey?
      Using tentacles to sting and paralyze
    • What is the function of the esophagus?
      Carries food to the stomach
    • What happens to food in the stomach?
      It mixes with gastric juice and is digested
    • What is the role of gastric juice?
      Digests proteins and kills bacteria
    • What is the pH level of stomach contents?
      About pH 2
    • What is the function of bile?
      Emulsifies lipids and neutralizes stomach acid
    • What is the role of the duodenum?
      Digests sucrose, maltose, and lactose
    • What happens in the ileum?
      Absorption of nutrients occurs
    • How long is the large intestine?
      1.5 metres long
    • What materials pass into the colon?
      Undigested food, mucus, bacteria, and dead cells
    • What is the role of the colon wall?
      Water absorption and vitamin secretion
    • What is defecation?
      Process of egesting semi-solid material
    • How is glucose processed in the body?
      Transported to the liver for energy or storage
    • What happens to excess amino acids?
      Deaminated and converted to urea
    • How are lipids used in the body?
      In membranes and hormone production
    • Where does protein digestion occur?
      In the stomach
    • What enzymes digest proteins?
      Protease and peptidase
    • What are endopeptidases?
      Enzymes that hydrolyse peptide bonds within proteins
    • How are amino acids absorbed?
      By active transport into epithelial cells
    • How do individual amino acids enter capillaries?
      By facilitated diffusion
    • What are the adaptations of tapeworms as parasites?
      • Thick cuticle for protection
      • Produces anti-enzymes against host
      • Scolex with hooks and suckers
      • Reduced gut for nutrient absorption
      • Hermaphroditic, producing many eggs
    • What are the characteristics of ectoparasites like lice?
      • Have claws for gripping
      • Produce many eggs with glue-like substance
      • Headlice suck blood from the scalp
    • What is the main food source for ruminants?
      Cellulose
    • Why can't ruminants digest cellulose?
      They lack cellulase enzymes
    • What is cud in ruminants?
      Grass mixed with saliva for chewing
    • What happens to cud in the rumen?
      It is regurgitated for further chewing
    • What occurs in the omasum?
      Water and organic acids are absorbed
    • What happens in the abomasum?
      Protein is digested by pepsin