Replication transcription translation

• What does the central dogma of molecular biology describe?

  The flow of genetic information in cells
• What are the three main processes in the central dogma?

  Transcription, translation, and replication
• What is protein synthesis?

  The process of making proteins in cells
• Why are proteins important for cells?

  They execute cell life activities
• What are proteins made up of?

  Amino acids
• What are peptides?

  Short chains of amino acids
• What does RNA stand for?

  Ribonucleic acid
• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What are nucleotides made up of?

  A phosphate group, sugar, and base
• What are the four bases of RNA?

  Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
• What are the three types of RNA?

  mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
• What is the function of mRNA?

  It carries genetic codes from DNA
• Where does mRNA carry genetic information from?

  From the nucleus to the ribosomes
• What does rRNA primarily do?

  It makes up the ribosomes
• What is the role of tRNA?

  It transfers amino acids during protein synthesis
• What happens during DNA replication?

  Two identical DNA molecules are produced
• What does semi-conservative replication mean?

  Each new DNA molecule has one old strand
• What are the key enzymes in DNA replication?

  Helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, ligase
• What is the function of helicase?

  It unzips the DNA strands
• What does primase do?

  It provides a starting point for replication
• What is the role of DNA polymerase?

  It builds new DNA strands
• What does ligase do?

  It glues DNA fragments together
• What happens after DNA replication is complete?

  Two identical copies of DNA are formed
• What occurs during RNA transcription?

  A region of DNA is converted to mRNA
• What enzyme is involved in RNA transcription?

  RNA polymerase
• How does base pairing differ in RNA transcription?

  Adenine pairs with uracil instead of thymine
• What happens to mRNA after transcription?

  It leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm
• What is the purpose of translation?

  To synthesize proteins from mRNA
• Where does translation occur?

  In the cytoplasm at the ribosome
• What is a codon?

  A group of three nucleotide bases
• How do tRNA and mRNA interact during translation?

  tRNA brings amino acids to mRNA codons
• What is the start codon for translation?

  AUG
• What are stop codons?

  Signals to end protein synthesis
• How many amino acids are there in the genetic code?

  Twenty amino acids
• What is the significance of the codon table?

  It translates mRNA codons to amino acids
• How do you read a codon in the codon table?

  By identifying the first, second, and third letters
• What happens when a stop codon is reached during translation?

  Translation process ends
• What is the role of amino acids in protein synthesis?

  They are the building blocks of proteins
• What is the overall goal of the central dogma?

  To synthesize proteins from genetic information
• What is the importance of the central dogma in biology?

  It explains how genetic information is expressed