Dyslipidaemias

• What is the main focus of the lecture on dyslipidaemia?

  Causes and clinical significance of dyslipidaemia
• What is the purpose of the blood tests relevant to the lipid profile?

  To interpret lipid levels and assess risk
• What are the key components of clinical assessment for dyslipidaemia?

  Personal and family history, physical signs
• Why are biochemical tests essential in dyslipidaemia assessment?

  For identifying major primary and secondary dyslipidaemias
• What is the significance of accurate clinical and biochemical phenotyping?

  It is essential before genetic testing consideration
• What symptoms should be assessed in personal and family history?

  Dyspnoea, angina, claudication
• What lifestyle factors should be evaluated in dyslipidaemia assessment?

  Smoking, alcohol use, exercise, diet
• What physical measurements are taken during clinical examination?

  Height, weight, BMI, waist circumference
• What does the lipid and lipoprotein profile indicate?

  How much lipid and which particles are present
• What are the major atherogenic lipoproteins?

  Lp(a)
• What do basic serum lipid measurements include?

  Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides
• How is LDL-cholesterol calculated using the Friedewald equation?

  LDL-C = TC - (HDL-C + TG/2.2)
• What is the significance of non-HDL-cholesterol?

  It represents total atherogenic lipoproteins
• What fasting condition is required for calculating LDL-C?

  12h fasting triglycerides <4.5
• Why is fasting important for LDL-C calculation?

  To ensure absence of postprandial lipoproteins
• What is the role of Apolipoprotein A1?

  Major structural protein of HDL particles
• What does the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio indicate?

  It assesses cardiovascular risk factors
• What are key investigations for secondary dyslipidaemias?

  Renal profile, liver profile, thyroid profile
• What are the major dyslipidaemias recognized by clinical and biochemical features?

  • Personal and family history
  • Clinical examination
  • Blood investigations
• What is the approximate frequency of heterozygous familial hyperlipidaemia?

  1 in 250
• What is the inheritance pattern of familial hypercholesterolaemia?

  Autosomal co-dominant
• What are the physical signs of familial hypercholesterolaemia?

  Tendon xanthomas, corneal arcus
• What is the CHD risk associated with familial hypercholesterolaemia?

  Very high, symptomatic by age 50
• What are the Simon Broome Register Criteria for diagnosing heterozygous FH?

  1. Total cholesterol or LDL levels above specified thresholds
  2. Presence of tendon xanthomas
  3. DNA evidence of mutations
  4. Family history of premature myocardial infarction
  5. Family history of raised total cholesterol
• What is the prevalence of remnant (Type III) hyperlipidaemia?

  1 in 5000
• What are the physical signs of remnant (Type III) hyperlipidaemia?

  Striate palmar and tuberoeruptive xanthomata
• What is the mechanism behind familial chylomicronaemia?

  Milder forms are probably polygenic
• What is the lipid profile in familial chylomicronaemia?

  Elevated triglycerides, normal ApoB
• What is the appearance of serum in chylomicronaemia?

  Serum is milky
• What are the key information summaries regarding dyslipidaemia?

  • Disorders cause increased plasma lipid levels
  • Hyperlipidaemia may be primary or secondary
  • Familial Hypercholesterolaemia causes severe atherosclerosis
  • Severe hypertriglyceridaemia can cause pancreatitis
• What is the risk associated with severe hypertriglyceridaemia?

  Can cause acute pancreatitis
• What is the importance of genetic testing in dyslipidaemia diagnosis?

  It helps confirm specific genetic disorders
• How do lifestyle changes impact dyslipidaemia management?

  They can significantly improve lipid levels
• What is the impact of diet on lipid profiles?

  Diet can alter lipid levels significantly
• Why is regular monitoring of lipid levels important?

  To assess treatment effectiveness and risk
• What is the relationship between dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular diseases?

  Dyslipidaemia increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases
• What are the effects of medications other than statins on lipid levels?

  They can also lower lipid levels effectively
• How does exercise contribute to managing dyslipidaemia?

  Exercise helps improve lipid profiles
• Why is patient education important in understanding dyslipidaemia?

  It empowers patients to manage their condition
• What are the implications of untreated dyslipidaemia on long-term health?

  It can lead to severe cardiovascular issues