Animal/Plant Pathogens & Diseases

• Name four types of pathogens.

  Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protoctists
• What type of organisms are bacteria?

  Prokaryotic organisms
• What distinguishes pathogenic bacteria from non-pathogenic bacteria?

  Pathogenic bacteria cause disease or damage
• How can pathogenic bacteria exist without infecting host cells?

  They can remain within body cavities or spaces
• What disease does tuberculosis bacteria cause?

  Tuberculosis (TB)
• What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?

  Chronic cough and bloody mucus
• With what conditions is tuberculosis often associated?

  Poor hygiene and sanitation
• What disease is caused by bacterial pathogens in potato plants?

  Ring rot
• How do bacterial pathogens affect potato plants?

  They infect vascular tissue, causing wilting
• What happens to potato tubers infected by ring rot?

  They develop a characteristic black ring of rot
• What is a key characteristic of viruses?

  They do not have a cellular structure
• Why can't viruses perform respiration or produce ATP?

  They lack cellular structure
• How do viruses replicate?

  By hijacking host cell machinery
• What was the first virus ever discovered?

  Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
• What does TMV cause in infected plants?

  A distinct yellowing of the leaves
• What symptoms do influenza viruses cause?

  High temperature, body aches, and fatigue
• Which influenza virus causes the most cases of flu globally?

  Influenza A
• What surrounds the RNA of Influenza A virus?

  A capsid
• What does the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase do?

  Produces single-stranded DNA from viral RNA
• What is a disease?

  An illness or disorder of the body or mind
• What causes communicable/infectious diseases?

  Pathogens
• How are communicable diseases transmitted?

  They can be spread between individuals
• What type of organisms are protists?

  Unicellular eukaryotes
• How is Plasmodium falciparum spread?

  By mosquitoes
• What symptoms do infected individuals of malaria experience?

  Fever, chills, and fatigue
• How is potato blight transmitted?

  Via spores
• What are the first signs of potato blight?

  Small, dark brown marks on leaves
• What happens to the leaves of plants infected with potato blight?

  The leaves quickly increase in size and number
• What type of virus is HIV?

  An enveloped retrovirus
• What is the structure of fungi compared to plants?

  Fungi have cell walls and large vacuoles
• What are the bodies of fungi made of?

  Filaments known as hyphae
• How do hyphae function in fungi?

  They spread throughout a host or soil
• In which organisms are fungal diseases more common?

  Plants than animals
• What is athlete's foot?

  A fungal disease on the skin surface
• What is the impact of fungal diseases in plants?

  They can threaten entire crops
• What is Black Sigatoka?

  A fungal disease in bananas
• How does Black Sigatoka affect banana plants?

  It reduces their ability to photosynthesize
• What happens to the leaves of banana plants infected with Black Sigatoka?

  Parts of the leaf die, producing black streaks
• What is the eventual outcome for leaves affected by Black Sigatoka?

  The whole leaf dies
• Animal Diseases

  A) Bacterium

  B) Bacterium

  C) HIV

  D) Athlete's Foot

  E) Proctotist

  F) Direct contact

  G) Vector

  H) Airborne droplets

  I) lungs

  J) blood poisoning

  K) immune system

  L) brain

  M) rash

  N) Virus