Centrale dogma van de moleculaire biologie

• What are the steps of protein synthesis shown in the image?

  • Transcription: DNA is transcribed into pre-mRNA
  • mRNA is processed and transported to the ribosome
  • Translation: mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain at the ribosome
• What are the key differences between transcription and translation in protein synthesis?

  • Transcription occurs in the nucleus, translation occurs in the cytoplasm
  • Transcription produces mRNA, translation produces polypeptides
  • Transcription uses DNA as the template, translation uses mRNA as the template
• Wat zijn de stappen in het proces van eiwitsynthese?

  1. Transcriptie: DNA naar RNA
  2. Translatie: RNA naar eiwitten
• Hoe verschilt de rol van DNA van die van RNA in eiwitsynthese?

  DNA bevat informatie, RNA codeert voor eiwitten
• How does the structure of DNA differ from that of RNA?

  DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded
• Wat bevat DNA?

  Genetische informatie
• What is the role of the RNA polymerase enzyme shown in the image?

  It transcribes the DNA into pre-mRNA
• If the DNA sequence is $ATCGATTACG$, what would the corresponding mRNA sequence be?


  $AUCGAUUACG$
• What is the name of the molecule shown in the image?

  DNA
• Wat zijn de belangrijkste structurele verschillen tussen DNA en RNA?

  • Suiker: Deoxyribose (DNA) vs Ribose (RNA)
  • Vorm: Dubbele helix (DNA) vs Enkele streng (RNA)
  • Thymine: Aanwezig in DNA, afwezig in RNA (vervangen door Uracil)
• Wat is de suikercomponent van RNA?

  Ribose
• What is the name of the structure shown in the image?

  Chromosome
• Wat is de vorm van RNA?

  Enkele streng
• What is the process called where mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain?

  Translation
• Wat is RNA?

  Ribonucleic Acid
• Wat zijn codons in mRNA?

  Groepen van 3 basen
• Wat gebeurt er met mRNA tijdens de translatie?

  Het wordt gelezen door ribosomen
• How does the structure of the ribosome facilitate the translation process?

  • The small subunit binds the mRNA and positions it correctly
  • The large subunit provides the binding site for the tRNAs and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds
  • The ribosome moves along the mRNA, adding one amino acid at a time to the polypeptide chain
• Waarom zijn A en T altijd gekoppeld in DNA?

  Ze vormen specifieke waterstofbindingen
• Wat is de rol van de genetische code?

  Het bepaalt de erfelijke eigenschappen van een organisme
• What is the function of the sugar-phosphate backbone in DNA and RNA?

  * Provides structural support

  * Links together the nitrogenous bases
• What are the four chemical bases that make up DNA?

  Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
• How does the structure of a peptide bond allow for the formation of proteins?

  • The carbonyl carbon and amino nitrogen allow for the formation of a covalent bond between amino acids.
  • This allows long chains of amino acids (polypeptides) to be formed, which then fold into the 3D structure of proteins.
• What is the purpose of the DNA sequence shown in the image?

  It represents the genetic information stored in a chromosome
• Wat is de structuur van een gen?

  Een DNA dubbele helix
• What are the key features of a chromosome based on the information provided in the image?

  • Composed of a long, double-stranded DNA molecule
  • Contains the genetic information for an organism
  • Organized into a compact, rod-like structure
  • Plays a crucial role in cell division and inheritance
• What is the name of the compound formed in the condensation of ketones and aldehydes?

  β-hydroxyacarbonyl
• Wat is de rol van ribosomen tijdens de translatie?

  Ze lezen codons één voor één
• What is the role of the hydroxyl group (OH-) in the condensation of ketones and aldehydes?

  It is formed as an intermediate during the nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction
• Wat gebeurt er tijdens een condensatiereactie?

  Water wordt afgesplitst tijdens bindingvorming
• Wat is het effect van een verandering in de basensequentie van een gen?

  Het kan de eigenschappen van het organisme veranderen
• What is the purpose of the peptide bond in proteins?

  It links amino acids together to form the polypeptide chain of proteins
• If you wanted to determine the primary structure of a protein, which technique would you use?

  Amino acid sequencing
• What is the quaternary protein structure?

  • Quaternary protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
• Wat zijn de twee vormen van secundaire structuur in eiwitten?

  Alfa-helices en geplooide vellen
• Wat bouwt tRNA aan tijdens de translatie?

  Een polypeptide keten
• What is the secondary protein structure?

  • Secondary protein structure is the hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causing the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern
• What is the tertiary protein structure?

  • Tertiary protein structure is the three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
• Waarom zijn C en G altijd gekoppeld in DNA?

  Ze vormen specifieke waterstofbindingen
• What colors are the molecules shown in the image?

  • Red and blue