A01

• What is the main focus of research on leading questions?

  Impact on eyewitness testimony
• How can the wording of a question mislead a witness?

  It may direct them to a specific answer
• Who conducted the experiment on leading questions in 1974?

  Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer
• What was the critical question asked to participants in Loftus and Palmer's experiment?

  About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?
• What verbs were used in the critical question of Loftus and Palmer's experiment?

  • Hit
  • Contacted
  • Bumped
  • Collided
  • Smashed
• What was the mean estimated speed for the verb 'contacted'?

  31.8 mph
• What was the mean estimated speed for the verb 'smashed'?

  40.5 mph
• What does the response-bias explanation suggest about leading questions?

  They influence how participants decide to answer
• What does the substitution explanation propose regarding leading questions?

  They change the participant's memory of the event
• How did Loftus and Palmer's second experiment support the substitution explanation?

  Participants reported seeing broken glass
• What is the focus of research on post-event discussion?

  Effects of discussing experiences on memory
• What was the procedure in Gabbert et al.'s experiment?

  Participants watched videos from different viewpoints
• What percentage of participants recalled aspects they did not see in Gabbert et al.'s study?

  71%
• What was the percentage of recall in the control group with no discussion?

  0%
• What does memory conformity refer to in the context of eyewitness testimony?

  Witnesses go along with each other's accounts
• What is memory contamination in eyewitness testimony?

  Alteration of memories through discussion
• How do memory contamination and memory conformity differ?

  Contamination alters memory; conformity does not