Reliability and validity of diagnosis

• What is test-retest reliability in diagnosing schizophrenia?

  Same clinician diagnoses same patient again
• What does inter-rater reliability involve?

  Multiple clinicians diagnosing the same patient
• What did Cheniaux (2009) investigate?

  Inter-rater reliability in diagnosing schizophrenia
• What were the DSM and ICD diagnosis results from Cheniaux's study?

  Clinician 1: DSM 26, ICD 44; Clinician 2: DSM 13, ICD 24
• What do the results from Cheniaux's study suggest about diagnosing schizophrenia?

  There is poor inter-rater reliability among clinicians
• How do the DSM and ICD diagnoses compare according to Cheniaux's findings?

  Patients are more likely diagnosed with ICD
• What weakness does Cheniaux's study highlight in diagnosing schizophrenia?

  Unreliable measures in diagnosis
• What did Copeland et al. (1971) study reveal about schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Significant cultural differences in diagnosis
• What were the diagnosis rates for US and British psychiatrists in Copeland et al.'s study?

  69% US diagnosed, 2% British diagnosed
• What does the symptom overlap issue in schizophrenia indicate?

  Symptoms overlap with other conditions like bipolar
• What is a consequence of misdiagnosis due to symptom overlap?

  Years of delay in receiving treatment
• What serious consequences can arise from symptom overlap in schizophrenia?

  Increased suffering and high suicide rates
• What does co-morbidity refer to?

  Occurrence of two or more medical conditions
• What does high co-morbidity in schizophrenia suggest?

  Issues with the validity of the diagnosis
• What percentage of patients with schizophrenia also have depression?

  50%
• What gender bias has been observed in schizophrenia diagnosis since the 1980s?

  Males diagnosed more than females
• What did Cotton et al. (2009) find regarding gender differences in functioning?

  Females function better than males
• How does gender bias affect schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Similar symptoms lead to different diagnoses
• What did Loring and Powell (1988) study reveal about gender bias in diagnosis?

  Male patients received more diagnoses than females
• What cultural bias exists in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  African Americans diagnosed more than whites
• How do cultural perceptions of symptoms differ?

  Positive symptoms accepted in African cultures
• What did Rosenhan's (1973) study demonstrate about psychiatric diagnosis?

  Issues with the validity of schizophrenic diagnosis
• What was the average duration of hospitalization for pseudo-patients in Rosenhan's study?

  19 days
• How were the pseudo-patients perceived by hospital staff?

  Writing was seen as a symptom of illness
• What did pseudo-patients do after being admitted to the hospital?

  Behaved normally and did not show symptoms
• What does Rosenhan's study suggest about psychiatric labels?

  Labels can lead to misdiagnosis and invalidity