Psychological explanations

• Who suggested that schizophrenia may be caused by contradictory communication from parents?

  Bateson
• How does contradictory communication affect a child according to Bateson?

  The child becomes confused about responses
• What psychological effects can arise from a child's confusion due to double bind communication?

  Paranoia and delusions
• What did Berger (1965) find regarding schizophrenics and double-bind statements?

  They recalled more double-bind statements
• What is a potential problem with the evidence supporting double bind theory?

  A patient's recall may be affected by illness
• What did Liem (1974) find regarding parental communication in families with a schizophrenic child?

  No difference compared to normal families
• What is a limitation of Bateson's observations on double bind theory?

  They are based on case studies
• What does the lack of population validity in Bateson's case studies suggest?

  Limited generalizability of the findings
• What are the types of expressed emotion mentioned?

  Critical, hostile, emotional over-involvement
• How does high expressed emotion affect patients?

  It causes high stress and relapse risk
• What did Linszen (1997) find about patients returning to families with high expressed emotion?

  They are 4 times more likely to relapse
• What is a criticism of both theories of family dysfunction regarding schizophrenia?

  They are reductionist and ignore genetics
• What model is suggested as a better explanation for schizophrenia?

  The diathesis-stress model
• What factors might contribute to the onset of schizophrenia according to the diathesis-stress model?

  Genetic vulnerability and negative family environment
• What cognitive task did Stirling et al. (2006) use in their study?

  The Stroop Test
• What did Stirling et al. (2006) find about schizophrenic patients' performance on the Stroop Test?

  They took twice as long as controls
• What does the performance of schizophrenic patients on the Stroop Test indicate?

  Struggles with central control
• What cognitive biases did Sarin and Wallin (2014) find in delusional patients?

  Jumping to conclusions and lack of reality testing
• What did Sarin and Wallin (2014) find about patients with hallucinations?

  They experience their thoughts as voices
• What does the evidence from Sarin and Wallin (2014) suggest about cognitive biases in schizophrenia?

  They play a significant role in symptoms