family diversity

• What do functionalists believe about the nuclear family?

  It is superior and evolved family structure
• What is a criticism of functionalists regarding family history?

  They idealize historical family structures
• Who stated that the nuclear family was common before industrialization?

  Laslett
• What evidence did Laslett use to support his claim?

  Parish records
• What did Anderson find about family structure during industrialization?

  Extended families lived together in cities
• What years did Wilmott and Young study family structure?

  1950s to 1970s
• What was the focus of Wilmott and Young's studies?

  The dominance of the nuclear family
• What are the four stages of family development according to Wilmott and Young?

  1. Pre-industrial: Family as economic unit
  2. Early industrialization: Extended family breaks up
  3. Privatised nuclear: Focus on consumption
  4. Asymmetrical: Gender roles become unequal
• What characterizes a symmetrical family?

  Both partners work and share roles
• What did Wilkinson say about women's employment trends?

  More women work in the service sector
• What is meant by 'genderquake' in women's attitudes?

  Shift towards valuing work over children
• What percentage of women believed in 2012 that men should work full-time?

  41%
• What percentage of men believed in 2012 that women should work part-time?

  36%
• What is a criticism of Wilmott and Young's perspective on family structure?

  They ignore negative aspects of nuclear families
• What do feminists argue about equal roles in families?

  They claim these roles do not exist
• What are the major social trends in family structures?

  • Increase in single-person households
  • Rise in lone-parent families
  • Majority of lone-parent families are matrifocal
• How many single-person households increased from 2003 to 2013?

  500,000
• What trend occurred in cohabitation between 1996 and 2012?

  Cohabitation doubled to 2.9 million couples
• What is the fastest growing household type?

  Multi-family households
• What percentage increase did multi-family households see between 2004 and 2014?

  56%
• What are the five types of family diversity according to Rapoport & Rapoport?

  1. Organisational diversity
  2. Cultural diversity
  3. Class diversity
  4. Life course diversity
  5. Cohort diversity
• What does organizational diversity refer to?

  Differences in family structure types
• What does cultural diversity refer to?

  Norms and values from different cultures
• What does class diversity indicate?

  Different views held by various social classes
• What is life course diversity?

  Diversity from different life stages
• What does cohort diversity refer to?

  Differences from historical periods lived through
• What trend has been observed in marriage rates since the early 20th century?

  Marriage rates have fallen
• What was significant about marriage rates in 2009?

  Lowest number of marriages recorded
• What happened to marriage rates in 2010?

  Marriage rates increased
• What are the implications of declining marriage rates?

  • Increase in cohabiting couples
  • Rise in 'living apart together' relationships
  • Delay in marriage
  • People marrying later in life
• What demographic makes up many single-person households?

  Widowed pensioners
• What trend has been observed in divorce rates in modern societies?

  Steady rise in divorce rates
• What percentage of marriages in England and Wales end in divorce?

  40%
• Why has the number of divorces fallen since 2000?

  People marry later and cohabit first
• What often precedes divorce?

  Separation
• What is serial monogamy?

  Having several serious relationships sequentially
• What percentage of divorces in 2011 were secured by men after separation?

  32%
• What percentage of divorces in 2011 were secured by women after separation?

  22%
• What factors explain the increase in divorce rates in the U.K.?

  1. Easier to obtain divorce
  2. More socially acceptable
  3. Higher expectations of marriage
  4. Focus on individual emotional fulfillment