space/p8.3

• Hubble Deep Field Image

  • showed that stars and galaxies formed over 13.2 billion years ago
  • each galaxy contains over 10 billion stars and a trillion plants.
• The Big Bang Theory: the idea that the universe expanded from a dense point, smaller than the size of an atom
• light years: how far light travels in a year

  • 9.5 x10 15 m
• Doppler Effect

  occurs with moving sources of waves (sound waves or electromagnetic waves). the source emits waves in all directions.
• Doppler Effect

  if the source is moving towards the observer, the waves get bunched up and are received with higher frequency.

  • produces a higher pitch for sound
  • light shifts towards the blue part of the emission spectrum --> blue shift
• Doppler Effect

  if the source is moving away from the observer, the waves get stretched out and are received with a lower frequency

  • lower pitch for sound
  • light shifts towards the red part of the emission spectrum --> red shift.
• Edwin Hubble in 1929 used these absorption lines to measure how fast distant galaxies are moving away from us.
• CMBR

  • cosmic microwave background radiation

  afterglow: radiation coming from all direction in space is called CMBR
• CMBR

  • as the universe expanded, the radiation has been stretched an its energy reduced, now it's in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• rocky planets

  • mercury
  • venus
  • earth
  • mars
• gas giants

  • jupiter
  • saturn
• ice giants

  • uranus
  • neptune
• Formation of the Sun:

  • formed around 4.6 billion years ago
  • a huge cloud of dust and hydrogen gas collapsed due to the gravitational attraction between the particles.
  • most of the mass of the dust and gas went into forming the sun
  • the remaining material went on to form the plants and other objects
• Formation of the sun

  • as the sun's core got very hot, nuclear fusion of hydrogen (hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium nuclei) started releasing vast sums of energy
• • All stars form from a giant cloud of hydrogen gas and dust called a nebula
• • The force of gravity within a nebula pulls the particles closer together until it forms a hot ball of gas, known as a protostar
  • As the particles are pulled closer together the density of the protostar will increase
  • This will result in more frequent collisions between the particles which causes the temperature to increase
• • Once the protostar becomes hot enough, nuclear fusion  reactions occur within its core
  • The hydrogen nuclei will fuse to form helium nuclei
  • Every fusion reaction releases heat (and light) energy which keeps the core hot
• • Once a star is born it is known as a main-sequence star
  • During the main sequence, the star is in equilibrium and said to be stable
  • The inward force due to gravity is equal to the outward pressure force from the fusion reactions
  • Once a main sequence star is formed, its life cycle will depend on its mass
• Red Giant

  • After several billion years the hydrogen causing the fusion reactions in the star will begin to run out
  • Once this happens, the fusion reactions in the core will start to die down
  • This causes the core to shrink and heat up
  • The core will shrink because the inward force due to gravity will become greater than the outward force due to the pressure of the expanding gases as the fusion dies down
• Red Giant:

  A new series of reactions will then occur around the core

  • These reactions will cause the outer part of the star to expand
  • It will become a red giant
  • It is red because the outer surface starts to cool
• Planetary Nebula

  • Once this second stage of fusion reactions have finished, the star will become unstable and eject the outer layer of dust and gas
  • The layer of dust and gas which is ejected is called a planetary nebula
• White Dwarf

  • The core which is left behind will collapse completely, due to the pull of gravity, and the star will become a white dwarf
  • The white dwarf will be cooling down and as a result, the amount of energy it emits will decrease
• Black Dwarf

  • Once the star has lost a significant amount of energy it becomes a black dwarf
  • It will continue to cool until it eventually disappears from sight
• • A large star is one which is bigger than the Sun
  • Stars that are larger than the Sun have much shorter lifespans - in the region of hundreds of millions of years (instead of billions)
  • This is because they burn through the fuel in nuclear fusion much quicker than smaller stars
• Red Supergiant

  • Eventually, the main sequence star will reach a stage when it starts to run out of hydrogen gas in its core
  • Once this happens, the fusion reactions in the core will start to die down
  • This causes the core to shrink and heat up
  • The core will shrink because the inward force due to gravity is greater than the outward force due to the pressure of the expanding gases
• Red Supergiant:

  A new series of fusion reactions will then occur around the core,

  • These fusion reactions will cause the outer part of the star to expand and it will become a super red giant
  • A super red giant is much larger than a red giant
• Supernova

  • Once the fusion reactions inside the red supergiant finally finish, the core of the star will collapse suddenly causing a gigantic explosion
  • This is called a supernova
  • At the centre of this explosion a dense body, called a neutron star will form
  • The outer remnants of the star will be ejected into space during the supernova explosion, forming a planetary nebula
• Neutron Star (or Black Hole)

  • In the case of the biggest stars, the neutron star that forms at the centre will continue to collapse under the force of gravity until it forms a black hole
  • A black hole is an extremely dense point in space that not even light can escape from