forgetting

• What is interference in memory retrieval?

  It's when old information disrupts new retrieval.
• How does interference occur in memory?

  When two sets of information compete in memory.
• When is interference more likely to happen?

  When information is similar and learned closely.
• What is proactive interference?

  Old information disrupts recall of new information.
• What is retroactive interference?

  New information disrupts recall of old information.
• How is interference typically researched?

  By learning two lists of word pairs.
• What happens when proactive interference occurs in research?

  Participants recall the first list of word pairs.
• What happens when retroactive interference occurs in research?

  Participants recall the second list of word pairs.
• What did Underwood (1957) find about recall accuracy?

  Recall accuracy decreased with more lists learned.
• What was the recall accuracy after 24 hours for one list?

  70%
• What was the recall accuracy after 24 hours for ten lists?

  20%
• What does decay theory predict about forgetting?

  Forgetting would be consistent across participants.
• What did Muller (1990) find about recall accuracy?

  Recall accuracy declined with a distracting task.
• What supports the role of retroactive interference?

  New learning disrupts recall of older information.
• How does similarity of material affect interference?

  Interference is more likely with similar information.
• What did McGeoch and McDonald (1931) study?

  Effect of similarity on recall accuracy.
• What was the recall accuracy for similar words?

  12%
• What was the recall accuracy for dissimilar words?

  26%
• What did Baddeley and Hitch (1977) study?

  Recall of rugby teams by players.
• What did Baddeley and Hitch find about recall?

  More games played led to worse recall.
• What does the research by Baddeley and Hitch support?

  Interference as an explanation for forgetting.
• What is a limitation of Baddeley and Hitch's study?

  Low mundane realism and ecological validity.
• What is a practical application of interference research?

  Improving advertising strategies to reduce confusion.
• What did Ceraso (1967) find about interference?

  Memories are temporarily inaccessible, not lost.
• How do individual differences affect interference?

  Some people are less susceptible to interference.
• What did Kane and Engle (2000) find about working memory?

  Greater spans reduce susceptibility to interference.
• What is retrieval failure?

  Forgetting due to absence of retrieval cues.
• How can retrieval failure be resolved?

  By providing cues present during encoding.
• What is context-dependent forgetting?

  Forgetting when recall occurs in a different context.
• What is state-dependent forgetting?

  Forgetting when internal state differs at recall.
• What did Godden and Baddeley (1975) study?

  Context-dependent forgetting in divers.
• What were the findings of Godden and Baddeley?

  Recall accuracy declined in different contexts.
• What supports the encoding specificity principle?

  Information about the learning environment is encoded.
• What is a practical application of Godden and Baddeley's findings?

  Training divers in their working environments.
• What did Goodwin et al (1969) study?

  State-dependent forgetting in sober and drunk participants.
• What did Goodwin et al find about recall errors?

  More errors occurred with different states at recall.
• What supports the reliability of Goodwin et al's findings?

  Overton (1972) found similar results with states.
• What did Darley et al (1973) find about recall?

  Recall was better when in the same state as learning.
• What did Aggleton and Waskett (1999) study?

  Effects of environmental cues on recall.
• What did Carter and Cassaday (1998) find about recall?

  Recall was better in the same state as learning.