Comparison of Approaches

• Why is it important to compare psychological approaches?

  To understand their differences and applications
• What is the recommended method for writing a comparison essay?

  Compare each approach on each issue separately
• What should you do when comparing two approaches on a specific issue?

  Explain each approach's perspective on that issue
• What is the significance of using objective measuring devices in biological psychology?

  It enhances the scientific credibility of the approach
• What types of research studies are mentioned in relation to biological psychology?

  Pavlov's research on dogs and Skinner's research on rats
• How do social learning theorists differ from behaviorists?

  They study internal mental processes as well
• What do cognitive psychologists use to validate their theoretical models?

  Highly controlled laboratory experiments
• Why is cognitive psychology not considered fully scientific?

  It relies on inferences from behavior
• What is the focus of psychodynamic research?

  Client case studies and introspection
• Why are humanistic psychologists critical of the scientific method?

  They believe human behavior is too complex
• What do hard determinists believe about behavior?

  It is caused by environmental interactions
• What is reciprocal determinism according to Bandura?

  Behavior influences and is influenced by the environment
• What do cognitive psychologists believe about behavior?

  It is influenced by a range of causal factors
• What is biological determinism?

  Behaviors are caused by physical nature
• What is psychic determinism in psychodynamic research?

  Unconscious behaviors shaped by childhood experiences
• What do humanists argue about free will?

  Humans have agency and moral responsibility
• What do behaviorists argue in the nature-nurture debate?

  Environmental factors are the most important influences
• How do social learning theorists view behavior?

  It is influenced by both stimuli and social experiences
• What do cognitive psychologists argue about mental processes?

  They are formed through experiences in the world
• What do biological psychologists argue in the nature-nurture debate?

  Hereditary factors are the most important influences
• What do psychodynamic theories include in the nature-nurture debate?

  Both nature and nurture influence behavior
• What does reductionism in psychology refer to?

  Explaining behavior as due to simple links
• How do social learning theorists differ from behaviorists in reductionism?

  They include internal mental processes
• What is the computer analogy in cognitive psychology?

  The mind is similar to a CPU and software
• What do biological psychologists argue about behavior?

  It is the result of chemical processes
• How do humanists view reductionism?

  They argue for a holistic explanation of behavior
• What psychological principles are used in the treatment of phobias?

  • Flooding
  • Systematic desensitization
  • Exposure to phobic objects
• How does social learning therapy alter maladaptive behavior?

  By using modeling in a safe environment
• What is the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

  To restructure irrational thoughts
• How do drug therapies for mental health conditions work?

  By altering neurotransmitter activity
• What is the basis of psychodynamic therapy?

  Talking therapy focusing on past experiences
• What is the focus of client-centered therapy?

  Client's capacity for growth and self-understanding
• What is unconditional positive regard in therapy?

  Respect and acceptance of the client