Plant anatomy and physiology

• What type of tissue is responsible for primary growth in plants?

  Apical meristems
• Where are lateral meristems found?

  In the vascular and cork cambia
• What is the function of parenchyma tissue?

  Involved in photosynthesis and storage
• What role does collenchyma play in plants?

  Provides flexible support to growing plant parts
• What type of tissue provides rigid support in plants?

  Sclerenchyma
• What is the primary function of xylem in plants?

  Transport of water and minerals
• What does phloem transport in plants?

  Assimilates, mainly sugars
• What is the role of the epidermis in plants?

  Outer protective layer of cells
• What is photosynthesis?

  Process converting light energy into chemical energy
• What do chloroplasts contain that absorbs light energy?

  Chlorophyll
• What is the equation for photosynthesis?

  $6CO_2 +$$6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2$
• Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

  In the stroma of the chloroplast
• What is transpiration?

  Evaporation of water from plant leaves
• What occurs during light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

  ATP and NADPH are generated
• What is the function of stomata in plants?

  Responsible for gas exchange
• How do guard cells regulate stomata?

  By controlling the size of stomatal pores
• What do xylem vessels transport?

  Water and dissolved minerals
• What creates root pressure in plants?

  Osmosis from surrounding soil
• What is transpiration pull?

  Negative pressure created by water evaporation
• What is phloem loading?

  Active transport of sugars into phloem
• What does the pressure flow hypothesis explain?

  How sugars move from source to sink
• What is primary growth in plants?

  Increase in length of roots and shoots
• What is secondary growth responsible for?

  Thickening of stems and roots
• What role do plant hormones play?

  Regulate growth and development
• What do auxins promote in plants?

  Elongation of cells
• What do gibberellins promote?

  Stem elongation and seed germination
• What is the function of cytokinins?

  Stimulate cell division
• What does ethylene regulate in plants?

  Fruit ripening and leaf abscission
• What is the role of abscisic acid (ABA)?

  Involved in stress responses
• What is phototropism?

  Growth in response to light
• What is gravitropism?

  Growth in response to gravity
• How do seed plants reproduce?

  Through sexual reproduction
• Where is the male gamete produced in angiosperms?

  In the anther of flowers
• Where is the female gamete produced in gymnosperms?

  In the ovule within the cone
• What is pollination?

  Transfer of pollen to female organs
• How is pollination typically done in angiosperms?

  By insects, birds, or wind
• How does fertilization occur?

  Male gamete fuses with female gamete
• What happens to the ovule after fertilization?

  It becomes a seed
• What do ferns and mosses reproduce through?

  Through spores
• What are the two phases of ferns' life cycle?

  Sporophyte and gametophyte phases