Demography

• Demography is the study of…?

  population and characteristics
• what is included in demography

  • size
  • age structure
  • births
  • Deaths
  • Immigration
  • Emigration
• factors that cause population increases

  • births
  • immigration
• factors causing population decrease

  • deaths
  • emigration
• total fertility rate: proportion of women who are of child bearing age (15-44)
• the changes in fertility and birth rates reflect that

  • more women are remaining childless than in thee past
  • women are postponing having children
• dependency ratio: relationship between the size of the working part of the population and the size of the non working or dependant part of the population
• reasons for the decline in birth rate

  • Changes in women’s position
  • Decline in the infant mortality rate
  • Children are now an economic liability
  • Child centredness
• deaths - the death rate had began falling from about 1870 and continued to do so until 1930 it rose slightly during the 1930s and 1940s (Great Depression) followed by ww11 but since 1950s it has declined slightly
• reasons for the the decline in the death rate

  • improved nutrition
  • medical improvements
  • smoking and diet
  • public health measures
• class,gender and regional differences

  • women generally live longer than men
  • Similarly, those living in the north or Scotland have lower life expectancy
• walker (2011) those living in the poorest areas of England die on average 7 years earlier than those in the richest areas, while the average difference in disability free life expectancy in 17 years
• Ageing population is caused by 3 factors

  • Increasing life expectancy
  • Declining infant mortality
  • Declining fertility
• migration

  • immigration-refers to movement into a society
  • emigration-refers to the movement out
  • net migration- is the differences between number of immigrants and the number of emigrants
• main reasons for emigration

  push factors- such as economic recession

  pull factors - such as higher wages or better opportunities abroad
• Reasons for the decline in birth rate

  • Changes in women’s position
  • Decline in infant mortality rate
  • children are now an economic liability
  • child centredness
• Changes in women’s position

  • Legal equality with men, including the right to vote
  • Increased educational opportunities -girls now do better at school than boys
  • more women are in paid employment
  • Changes in attitudes towards family life
  • Easier access to divorce
  • Access to abortion and reliable contraception
• During the fifth half of the 20th century the uks Infant mortality rate Began to fall. This was due to several reasons

  • Improved housing and better sanitation (flush toilets and clean drinking water )
  • Better nutrition
  • Better knowledge of hygiene
  • Fall in the number of married women working may have improved their health and their babies
  • improved services for mothers and babies such as antenatal and postnatal clinics
• What is the study of population and its characteristics called?

  Demography
• What are the key characteristics studied in demography?

  • Size of the population
  • Age structure
  • Birth rates
  • Death rates
  • Immigration
  • Emigration
• What does the size of a population indicate?


  Whether it is large or small
• What does age structure refer to in demography?

  Average age of the population rising or falling
• What does the birth rate measure?

  How many babies are born
• What does the death rate measure?

  How many people die
• What does immigration refer to?

  People entering the country
• What does emigration refer to?

  People leaving the country
• What are the factors causing population increase?

  • Births
  • Immigration
• What are the factors causing population decrease?

  • Deaths
  • Emigration
• What is globalization?

  Barriers between societies are disappearing
• What processes contribute to globalization?

  Growth of communication systems and global media
• What are the main reasons for emigration?

  • Push factors: economic recession, unemployment
  • Pull factors: high wages, better opportunities abroad
• What is the total fertility rate?

  Proportion of women of childbearing age
• What was the total fertility rate in 1964?

  2.93 children per woman
• What has the total fertility rate been since 1975?

  Consistently below 2.0 children per woman
• What is the dependency ratio?

  Relationship between working and non-working population
• What factors contribute to the decline in the dependency ratio?

  Changes in women's position and economic factors
• What are the main reasons for emigration from 1900 until the second?

  Push factors like unemployment and pull factors like wages
• What is the impact of migration on population structure?

  • Population size may grow
  • Increased ethnic diversity
  • Younger average age due to immigrants
• What are the factors contributing to the ageing population?

  • Increasing life expectancy
  • Declining fertility rates
  • Changes in migration patterns
• What is the difference in disability-free life expectancy in England?

  Average difference of 10 years