5.1.2 The Emergence of Psychology as a Science

• What are the differences between Wundt's methods and previous philosophical methods?

  Wundt's Methods:

  • Controlled introspection
  • Experimental settings
  • Systematic data

  
  

  Previous Philosophical Methods:

  • Observation and intuition
  • Informal discussion
  • Anecdotal information
• What distinguishes psychology as a science from non-science approaches?

  • Uses scientific methods
  • Bases conclusions on evidence
  • Focuses on experimentation
  • Aims to predict behavior and mental processes
• What does psychology study?

  Behavior and mental processes
• What is the role of evidence in psychology?

  It forms the basis for conclusions
• What is the aim of psychology as a science?

  To predict behavior and mental processes
• What is a key difference between psychology and non-science approaches?

  Psychology relies on evidence, non-science may use anecdotes
• How does psychology gather and analyze evidence?

  Through systematic methods like observation and experiments
• How does psychology's focus on experimentation benefit its study?

  It enhances understanding of behavior and mental processes
• What are some non-science approaches to understanding behavior?

  Opinions, beliefs, and anecdotal information
• How does psychology's systematic approach differ from anecdotal methods?

  Systematic approach relies on evidence, anecdotal does not
• How did philosophers like Plato and Aristotle study the mind?

  Using observation and introspection
• What two fields influenced early ideas about psychology?

  Philosophy and physiology
• What was a limitation of early philosophical approaches to psychology?

  They lacked systemic study using scientific methods
• In what year did John B. Watson publish "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It", marking the beginning of Behaviorism?

  1913
• What did physiology reveal about behavior?

  The brain and nervous system affect behavior
• Why is using scientific methods important in psychology?

  It allows for precise and reliable understanding
• What is introspection?

  Examining one's own thoughts and feelings
• What are the differences between early approaches and modern scientific psychology?

  Early Approaches:

  • Observation and introspection
  • Philosophical discussion
  • General insights

  
  

  Modern Scientific Psychology:

  • Experimental methods
  • Evidence-based research
  • Precise understanding
• What methods does psychology use to gather evidence?

  Observation and experiments
• How would a functionalist study the sense of smell?

  By examining how it helps identify food or danger
• Who introduced introspection as a method in psychology?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What did Wundt's introduction of experimental psychology pave the way for?

  Scientific investigation of the mind
• What was the aim of Wundt's structuralism approach?

  To break down consciousness into basic components
• What is the primary focus of functionalism?

  How the mind functions in daily life
• When did Wilhelm Wundt establish the first psychology laboratory?

  1879
• What are the key differences between structuralism and functionalism?

  • Structuralism:
  • Breaks down mental processes into components
  • Uses introspection to examine thoughts
  • Aims to map the structure of consciousness
  • Functionalism:
  • Focuses on mind's functions in daily life
  • Studies behavior to understand function
  • Investigates the purpose of mental processes
• In what year did Hermann Rorschach introduce the Rorschach inkblot test?

  1920
• When was the first clinical psychology clinic opened?

  1896
• How did physiology influence the direction of psychology?

  It pushed psychology towards scientific investigation
• In what year did B.F. Skinner introduce the concept of operant conditioning?

  1938
• In what year did Ulric Neisser publish "Cognitive Psychology", marking the beginning of the cognitive revolution?

  1967
• What are the key events in the timeline of experimental psychology?

  • 1890: William James publishes "The Principles of Psychology"
  • 1896: Lightner Witmer opens the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania
  • 1913: John B. Watson publishes "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It"
  • 1920: Hermann Rorschach introduces the Rorschach inkblot test
  • 1938: B.F. Skinner introduces the concept of operant conditioning
  • 1967: Ulric Neisser publishes "Cognitive Psychology", marking the beginning of the cognitive revolution
  • 1971: Albert Bandura publishes "Social Learning Theory", introducing the concept of observational learning
  • 1980: The third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) is published, introducing a new classification system for mental disorders
• What method did Wundt use to understand mental processes?

  Introspection
• In what year did Albert Bandura publish "Social Learning Theory", introducing the concept of observational learning?

  1971
• What significant movement in psychology began in 1913?

  Behaviorism
• What did Wundt's methods introduce to psychology?

  Experimental psychology
• What did Wundt promote in his study of the mind?

  A systematic study of the mind
• What psychological test was introduced in 1920?

  Rorschach inkblot test
• What does functionalism investigate regarding mental processes?

  The purpose of mental processes
• Who developed operant conditioning in 1938?

  Skinner