Cultural variations in attachment

• What are the effects of institutionalization as seen in Romanian orphan studies?

  • Delayed emotional development
  • Attachment disorders
  • Cognitive impairments
• What are the differences between individualistic and collectivistic cultures?

  • Individualistic: Emphasizes independence and competition
  • Collectivistic: Emphasizes family and interdependence
• What was the aim of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study?

  To measure attachment proportions across cultures
• What method did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg use for their research?

  Meta-analysis of 32 studies
• How many children were involved in Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis?

  1990 children
• What was found regarding variation in attachment types within cultures?

  1.5 times more variation within cultures
• What cultural differences did Takahashi find in his study?

  High rates of insecure resistant attachment
• What was a significant finding about Japanese infants in Takahashi's study?

  No evidence of insecure avoidant attachment
• What is a strength of combining results from different countries in attachment studies?

  It provides a large sample size
• What is a weakness of using the Strange Situation for cultural variations?

  It is culturally biased
• What is the issue with applying Western attachment theories to other cultures?

  It may impose an etic perspective
• What percentage of infant-alone steps had to be stopped due to anxiety?

  90%
• What is a strength of combining results from attachment studies across countries?

  • Large sample size
  • Reduces impact of anomalous results
  • Increases internal validity
• What is a limitation of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study regarding the sample?

  There is an imbalance of studies used
• Why is the Strange Situation method considered culturally biased?

  It was designed by an American researcher
• What did later research reveal about Ainsworth's attachment types?

  It did not account for a fourth type
• What is the fourth type of attachment proposed by Main and Solomon?

  Insecure-disorganised attachment
• How is insecure-disorganised attachment characterized?

  Lack of consistent social behavior and attachment
• What does the lack of separation anxiety in German children indicate?

  It may indicate desirable independence
• What is the issue with applying Western theories to other cultures?

  It leads to imposed etic and ethnocentrism
• What is the problem with the sample size in Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis regarding Chinese culture?

  Only 25 parent-infant pairs were studied
• How many studies were conducted on American participants in the meta-analysis?

  18 studies
• What is the impact of a large sample size in attachment studies?

  Reduces impact of anomalous results
• Why is the Strange Situation not suitable for assessing attachment in all cultures?

  It is culturally biased and lacks validity
• What does the term "imposed etic" refer to in cultural research?

  Applying one culture's standards to another
• What is the significance of the meta-analysis having 1990 infants?

  It increases the reliability of the findings
• What does the term "internal validity" refer to in research studies?

  The accuracy of the study's conclusions
• What is the main concern regarding the representation of cultures in the meta-analysis?

  It is biased towards individualistic cultures
• How does the Strange Situation assess attachment?

  By observing infant behavior in stress situations
• What is the implication of Ainsworth's research lacking detail?

  It reduces the validity of cultural variation findings
• What is the main critique of the Strange Situation's methodology?

  It is culturally biased and ethnocentric
• What does the term "collectivistic culture" refer to?

  A culture that emphasizes group goals over individual goals
• What does the term "individualistic culture" refer to?

  A culture that emphasizes individual goals over group goals
• What is the significance of the term "anomalous results" in research?

  Results that deviate from expected outcomes
• What is the role of Bowlby's theory in attachment research?

  It provides a foundation for understanding attachment
• How does cultural bias affect research findings?

  It can lead to misinterpretation of behaviors
• What is the impact of a lack of coherent strategy in insecure-disorganised attachment?

  It leads to inconsistent responses to stress
• What does the term "separation anxiety" refer to?

  An infant's distress when separated from a caregiver
• What is the significance of the term "ethnocentric" in research?

  It refers to evaluating other cultures based on one's own
• What does the term "coherent strategy" imply in attachment behavior?

  A consistent approach to dealing with stress