organisation in animals

• What are cells considered to be?

  Basic building blocks
• What is a tissue?

  A group of cells with similar structures
• How do organs function in the body?

  They work together to perform specific functions
• What is an organ system?

  A group of organs working together
• What is an organism?

  Organ systems working together
• What are the main components of the digestive system?

  • Mouth
  • Salivary glands
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Gall bladder
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
• What is the function of the mouth in digestion?

  Where food is chewed
• What do salivary glands produce?

  Saliva containing amylase
• What is the role of the oesophagus?

  Carries food to the stomach
• What happens in the stomach during digestion?

  Churns food and releases protease
• What does the liver produce?

  Bile
• What is the function of the gall bladder?

  Stores bile
• What enzymes does the pancreas produce?

  Amylase, lipase, protease
• Where is digested food absorbed?

  In the small intestine
• What is absorbed in the large intestine?

  Water and minerals (electrolytes)
• What does the rectum do?

  Stores faeces
• What are the functions of bile?

  • Neutralizes hydrochloric acid
  • Emulsifies fat into small droplets
• What happens when breathing in?

  Air moves into the body through the mouth and nose
• What is the pathway of air during inhalation?

  Into the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
• Where does oxygen diffuse into the blood?

  In the capillaries over the alveoli
• What is the heart made from?

  Cardiac muscle tissue
• How is the heart supplied with oxygen?

  By the coronary artery
• What does the vena cava do?

  Brings deoxygenated blood into the heart
• What does the right ventricle do?

  Pumps blood to the lungs
• What does the pulmonary artery do?

  Takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• What does the pulmonary vein do?

  Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs
• What does the left ventricle do?

  Pumps blood around the body
• What does the aorta do?

  Carries oxygenated blood around the body
• How is heart rate controlled?

  By a group of cells in the right atrium
• What can artificial pacemakers do?

  Control irregular heartbeats
• What are the components of blood?

  • Red blood cells: transport oxygen
  • Plasma: transports substances and cells
  • Platelets: form blood clots
  • White blood cells: defend against pathogens
• What are the functions and structures of blood vessels?

  • Artery: carries blood away, thick walls, small lumen
  • Vein: carries blood to heart, thin walls, large lumen
  • Capillary: connects arteries and veins, one cell thick
• Why is the human circulatory system described as double?

  Blood passes through the heart twice per circuit
• What happens in the right ventricle of the heart?

  Pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange
• What happens in the left ventricle of the heart?

  Pumps blood around the rest of the body