M2

• What are two argumentative essay formats?

  • The Toulmin model
  • The Rogerian model
• How does the Toulmin model work?

  It begins with an introduction, followed with a thesis/claim, and give data and evidence to support that claim.
• What kind of style does the Toulmin model have?

  This style of essay includes rebuttals or counterarguments
• What is IN the Toulmin model?

  • Fact
  • Grounds
  • Warrant
  • Backing
  • Conclusion
  • Rebuttal
• Based on the Toulmin model, what does facts mean?

  The raw data or evidence supporting the argument.
• Based on the Toulmin model, what does grounds mean?


  The reasoning or explanation of why the fact is relevant.
• Based on the Toulmin model, what does warrant mean?


  The logical connection between the grounds and the argument.
• Based on the Toulmin model, what does the backing do?


  Additional evidence or expert opinions that reinforce the warrant.
• Based on the Toulmin model, what is conclusion all about?


  The main argument based on the previous steps.
• Based on the Toulmin model, what does the rebuttal do?


  Addressing counterarguments or exceptions.
• What's the purpose of the Rogerian model?

  Analyzes two sides of an argument and reaches a conclusion after weighing the strengths and weaknesses of both sides
• What is IN the Rogerian model?

  • Problem
  • Opposing view
  • Validation of oppositions
  • Your position
  • Validation of your position
  • Benefits of your position
• Based on the Rogerian model, how do you present the problem?


  Introduce the issue in a neutral way, showing why it matters.
• Based on the Rogerian model, how does the opposing view present their side?


  The other side will present their perspective fairly and respectfully.
• Based on the Rogerian model, what's the purpose of validation of opposition?


  To acknowledge the strengths or valid points of the opposing argument.
• When should you introduce your own position in a Rogerian argument?

  After fairly presenting and validating the opposing view
• Based on the Rogerian model, what is the goal of "Validation of Your Position"?


  To provide reasoning and evidence supporting your stance
• What is the main purpose of the final step, "Benefits of Your Position"?


  To show how your stance benefits both sides or offers a compromise
• What is the difference between Argumentative and Persuasive?

  • Argumentation relies on logic and evidence
  • Persuasion appeals to readers' emotions
• What is an opinion statement also known as?

  A claim or position
• What does an opinion statement serve as in writing?

  The thesis of the argument
• What two components are needed to form an opinion statement?

  A debatable topic and a specific focus
• What is a characteristic of an effective opinion statement?

  It expresses a debatable viewpoint
• What role does "specific focus" play in an opinion statement?

  It expresses a specific feeling or belief about the topic
• How does an opinion statement different from a fact?

  An opinion statement presents belief that can be argued
• What happens if an opinion statement is too broad?

  It may lack focus and clarity
• What are the three categories of Opinion statement?

  1. Statement of Truth
  2. Statement of Value
  3. Statement of Policy
• What is Statement of Truth for?

  Claim that something is or is not the case
• What is the Statement of Value for?

  Claim that something does or does not have worth
• What is Statement of Policy for?

  Claim that something should or should not be done
• Who outlined the three types of rhetorical appeals?

  Aristotle
• What are the three rhetorical appeals?

  1. Appeal to logos
  2. Appeal to ethos
  3. Appeal to pathos
• What's the purpose of appeal to logos?

  To provide clear thinking and solid reasoning to support claims
• What's the purpose of appeal to ethos?

  To build trust by citing reputable sources, providing factual evidence, and fairly presenting the issue (using ethics)
• What's the purpose of appeal to pathos?

  To persuade by connecting to readers' emotions (tugging "heartstrings")
• What type of appeal works on argumentative?

  Logos and ethos
• What type of appeal works on persuasion?

  Pathos
• What is Anecdote?


  A brief story used to make a larger point.
• How can you use anecdotes in making explanatory or persuasive writings?

  By storytelling, where you connect your ideas to real life and real people
• Why is addressing opposing viewpoints important in an argument?

  It strengthens the argument