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• What family does the genus Vibrio belong to?

  Vibrionaceae

  
• What shape are Vibrio bacteria?

  Curved or comma-shaped bacilli
• Are Vibrio bacteria Gram-positive or Gram-negative?

  Gram-negative
• What is a characteristic motility feature of Vibrio bacteria?

  Highly motile

  
• What type of test do Vibrio bacteria test positive for?

  Oxidase positive
• What antigens do Vibrio bacteria possess?

  Both H & O antigens
• What is the natural habitat of Vibrio bacteria?

  Marine environment
• Which species of Vibrio is the main pathogenic species?

  1. V.cholerae

  
• What disease does V. cholerae cause?

  Cholera
• How is cholera transmitted?

  Ingestion of contaminated water
• What is a common source of cholera outbreaks?

  Poor sanitation practices

  
• How many serogroups of V. cholerae are there?

  Approximately 200

  
• Which serogroups of V. cholerae are associated with epidemics?

  O1 and O139

  
• What are the classifications of the O1 serogroup?

  Ogawa, Inaba, and Hikojima

  
• What is required to elicit an infection from Vibrio?

  A high infectious dose

  
• How do Vibrio bacteria adhere to intestinal cells?

  Via pili

  
• What allows Vibrio to survive in the acidic stomach environment?

  Production of proteases which dissolves protective glycoprotein coating cells
• What is the function of cholera toxin (CT)?

  It activates adenyl cyclase

  
• What is the result of cholera toxin's action?

  Accumulation of cAMP
• What type of diarrhea is caused by cholera?

  Non-inflammatory diarrhea

  
• What are the clinical features of cholera?

  Watery, profuse odorless diarrhea

  Cardiac and renal failure may result due to loss of fluid and electrolytes

  Death

  
• What can result from massive fluid and electrolyte loss in cholera?

  Cardiac and renal failure

  
• What specimen is used for laboratory isolation of Vibrio?

  Rice water stool

  
• What medium is used for transporting Vibrio specimens?

  Cary-Blair transport medium
• What is observed in microscopy for Vibrio identification?

  Darting motility in wet preparation
• What is the enrichment medium for Vibrio?

  Alkaline peptone water
• What is the colonial morphology of Vibrio on TCBS agar?

  Yellow colonies

  
• What is the Gram stain result for Vibrio colonies?

  Gram-negative curved rods

  
• What biochemical test result is positive for Vibrio?

  Oxidase positive
• What is the primary treatment for cholera?

  Prompt rehydration

  
• What antibiotics may be used for cholera treatment?

  Tetracyclines and erythromycin

  
• Which family does Campylobacter belong to?

  Campylobacteriaceae

  
• Which species of Campylobacter causes most illnesses?

  1. C.jejuni and C. coli
• What is the appearance of Campylobacter bacteria?

  Seagull appearance
• What type of motion do Campylobacter bacteria exhibit?

  Corkscrew motion
• What are the oxygen requirements for Campylobacter?

  Microaerophilic
• What temperature do Campylobacter thrive at?

  42°C
• What is the Gram stain result for Campylobacter?

  Gram-negative curved rods
• Where is C. jejuni commonly found?

  Digestive tract of avian species

  
• How is Campylobacter transmitted?

  Raw or undercooked food products