1900-present

• asylum


  The protection provided by a state to someone who has left their own country because of fear of persecution.
• Asylum seeker


  a person who has applied to be accepted as a refugee
• refugee


  a person who is legally allowed to remain in a country the government having accepted that they are in danger in their home country
• economic migrants


  people who move from one country to another looking for higher wages and a better standard of living
• Why did people migrate to Britain 1900-present?

  Government: WWI and WWII soldiers, Nationality Act 1948, European Union

  Economic: rebuilding after WWII provided jobs, Windrush 1948

  Religion: Jews escaping the Holocaust

  Asylum seekers
• What happened to the Black and Asian population 1958-61?

  It nearly doubled
• What law was passed in 1905?

  The Aliens Act - sorted migrants into categories and could refuse entry into Britain for some e.g criminals, those who couldn't work or support themselves etc. It was introduced to control and restrict migration.
• Nationality Act, 1948


  free access to settle in Britain was allowed if a person was from the Commonwealth
• Commonwealth Immigration Act, 1962


  limited migration from the Caribbean, Africa and Asia
• Commonwealth Immigration Act, 1968


  any British passport holder could be subject to immigration controls unless they or a parent/grandparent were born in the UK
• Nationality Act, 1981


  British citizenship was only for children with at least one British parent or people born in Britain
• Asylum and Immigration Appeals Act, 1993


  a refugee had to have a well-founded fear of persecution
• Immigration, Asylum, and Nationality Act, 2006


  introduced a tiered system for entry into Britain
• Maastricht Treaty, 1992


  established the European Union
• What was the experience of migrants 1900-present?

  Colour Bar

  Virginity tests
• What was the Colour Bar?


  the racial discrimination that restricted coloured people's access to accommodation, pubs and restaurants, and even jobs
• What were the Virginity Tests?

  In 1970s immigration laws allowed women due to marry their fiancée within 3 months to enter the UK without a visa.

  British officials chose to use scientifically inaccurate medical tests to check if the women were actually unmarried.

  Between 1975 and 1979 roughly 80 women were subject to these tests until the Guardian exposed the practice.
• What was CARD?

  CARD or the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination was an organisation set up in 1964 to work against the Colour Bar.
• What was the 1965 Race Relations Act?

  The first ever legislation against discrimination which banned public discrimination and hatred on the grounds of colour, race or ethnicity became an offence.

  The Race Relations Board was created to deal with cases of discrimination
• What did CARD do in 1966?

  They organised a summer project exposing racism in Leeds, Manchester and Southall (South London)

  They found that over 70% of the cases reported to the RRB couldn't be investigated under the 1965 Act
• Extension of the Race Relations Act


  In 1968, CARD's continual campaigning paid off as the Race Relations Act was extended making racial discrimination illegal in housing, employment, and financial services.
• In what year was indirect racial discrimination recognised?

  1976 - the law considered the impact on different racial groups, not just whether arrangements were the same for everyone. The Commission for Racial Equality replaced the RRB
• When was racial discrimination by the police declared illegal?

  2000
• What were OWAAD and SBS?

  the Organisation of Women of Asian and African Descent and the Southall Black Sisters

  They were organised women's groups that resisted rascism
• What impact did migrants have on economy and public services?

  Played a vital role in rebuilding Britain's economy after WWII

  in 1968 London Transport had 9,000 employees from an ethnic minority

  Immigrants were vital for starting the NHS: overseas doctors e. German-Jewish or Asian, Irish nurses, and Black nurses
• What impact did migrants have on politics?

  People of Jewish background had major positions in Thatcher's government e.g Leon Brittan (Home Secretary)

  In 2019, 10% of the members of the House of Commons were from an ethnic minority
• What impact did migrants have on sport?

  2012 Olympics 24/65 medals won by British people were won by 1st or 2nd generation immigrants e.g Mo Farah
• What impact did migrants have on music?

  Caribbean and African-American musicians created Jazz e.g Leslie Thompson

  Ska music e.g Millie Small from Jamaica

  Reggae developed and it focused on political and social themes of justice and liberation

  Two-tone emerged in 1970s
• What impact did migrants have on food?

  Chinese and Indian restaurants established

  Greek Cypriots owned many fish and chip shops

  Turkish Cypriots and Turks introduced kebabs
• What impact did migrants have on religion?

  Muslim - 1,800 mosques in the UK by 2000, in 2010 census showed 5% of the population to be Muslim

  1 million Hindus by 2020, in 1995 1st temple built

  Black migrants brought new perspectives to CofE e.g Reverend Wilfred Wood the 1st black CofE bishop
• Why did Caribbean migrants come to Bristol?

  Caribbean servicemen stayed in Bristol as it was a city of many industries. Slowly more migrants came over - mainly from Jamaica
• What was the experience of Caribbean migrants in Bristol?

  Work: the Bristol Bus Boycott

  Living conditions: lived in poorer, war-damaged areas e.g St Paul's district, limited places where they could socialise
• What was the Bristol Bus Boycott?

  A bus boycott in protest of the colour bar preventing anyone of colour driving or conducting buses. It was successful on the 28th August 1963
• What was the impact of Caribbean migrants in Bristol?

  1964 - Bristol West Indian Cricket Club set up

  The Bamboo club (music club and restaurant)

  St Paul's Festival - multicultural event e.g steel pans and Scottish dancers
• What was the name of the ex-serviceman who was pelted with stones until he drowned?

  Charles Wootton
• Why did Asian migrants come to Leicester?

  labour shortage

  easy to travel to

  cheap housing

  jobs for both genders
• Why did Ugandan Asians migrate to Leicester in 1972?

  There was an established Asian population and lots of job opportunities, additionally, they had been expelled from Uganda so those with British passports came to the UK
• What was the experience of Asian migrants in Leicester?

  Community: hostility and the colour bar, some sympathetic, students demonstrated against the colour bar and widespread outrage at KKK activity.

  Work: many had to take on work they were overqualified for yet get paid less than white workers, Imperial Typewriters Strike
• the Imperial Typewriters Strike


  On the 1st of May 1974, 500 women (including 39 Asian women) went on strike because of racial discrimination which meant the Asian women worked more but got paid less. The strike was unsuccessful after 3 months but by the end of the year the factory closed down.
• What was the impact of Asian migrants in Leicester?

  Economic: by 1994 there were 1,446 Asian-owned businesses and by 2004 over 10,000 e.g Crown Crest which own Poundstretcher

  Cultural: BBC Radio Leicester launched a five-nights-a-week Asian programme, annual Diwali celebrations on Belgrave Road (largest outside India)