AQA BIOLOGY PAPER 1

• What AQA GCSE biology paper does this content cover?

  Paper 1
• What topics are covered in AQA GCSE biology paper 1?

  Cells, organization, infection, response, and bioenergetics
• Which microscope allows you to see subcellular structures in finer detail?

  Electron microscope
• What property of electron microscopes allows for seeing finer details?

  Better resolving power and higher resolution
• What formula is used to calculate the actual size of a cell?

  Actual size = image size / magnification
• What is a main characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

  They have a nucleus
• What types of cells are eukaryotic cells?

  Plant and animal cells
• What is the main characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

  They don't have a nucleus
• Where is the DNA found in a prokaryotic cell?

  In a ring called a plasmid
• What does it mean for a cell membrane to be semi-permeable?

  It allows certain substances to pass through
• What is the cell wall of plant cells made of?

  Cellulose
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

  Providing a rigid structure
• What is the cytoplasm?

  The liquid that makes up the cell
• What takes place in the cytoplasm?

  Most chemical reactions
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Respiration
• What do ribosomes do?

  Assemble or synthesize proteins
• What organelle do plant cells contain that carries out photosynthesis?

  Chloroplasts
• What does chlorophyll do?

  Photosynthesis takes place
• What is stored in the permanent vacuole of plant cells?

  Sap
• How do bacteria multiply?

  Binary fission
• What is the purpose of using aseptic technique in culturing bacteria?

  Making sure nothing contaminates the culture
• What is the reason to lift the lid of the dish towards a flame?

  Cause microbes in the air to move away
• Why should the tape not go all the way around the dish?

  Otherwise air will not get in
• What type of respiration will bacteria undergo if the tape goes all the way around the dish?

  Anaerobic
• At what temperature should the bacteria be incubated?

  25°
• What formula do we use to calculate the area of circles in the bacteria practical?

  $πr^2$ or $πd^2/4$
• In what form is DNA stored in eukaryotic cell nuclei?

  Several chromosomes
• How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have in every nucleus?

  23
• What are cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes called?

  Diploid cells
• What are cells that have just 23 chromosomes called?

  Haploid cells
• Why are new cells constantly made?

  For growth and repair
• What process does the cell use to duplicate?

  Mitosis
• What occurs during mitosis?

  • Genetic material is duplicated.
  • Number of ribosomes and mitochondria doubles.
  • Nucleus breaks down.
  • One set of each chromosome pair is pulled to opposite sides.
  • New nucleus forms in each side.
  • Two identical cells are formed.
• What is the outcome of mitosis?

  Two identical cells
• What determines how cells specialize?

  Depending on the function they need to fulfill
• What are stem cells?

  Cells that haven't yet specialized
• Where are stem cells found?

  Human/animal embryos and meristems of plants
• Where are stem cells made in your life?

  In your bone marrow
• What type of cells can bone marrow stem cells specialize into?

  Blood cells
• What are some conditions that stem cells can be used to combat?

  Diabetes and paralysis