Bb 1

• What is immunohematology?

  Study of antigens and corresponding antibodies
• What does transfusion medicine deal with?

  Blood transfusion
• What is blood banking?

  Process of donor selection, collection, preparation
• Who performed the first recorded blood transfusion?

  Pope Innocent VII
• What happened during the first recorded blood transfusion?

  Blood was taken from three young men
• Who discovered the ABO blood group?

  Karl Landsteiner
• What did Karl Landsteiner explain about transfusions?

  Serious reactions from incompatible transfusions
• What method did Edward E. Lindemann use for transfusions?

  Vein-to-vein transfusion with syringes
• Who introduced acid-citrate dextrose?

  Lewis and Mollison
• Who introduced citrate phosphate dextrose?

  Gibson
• Who developed the gel test?

  Lapierre
• Who was the first to use citrate in blood transfusions?

  1. Charles Drew
• Who is known as the father of genetics?

  Werner
• How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?

  22 pairs
• What are the sex chromosomes for females?

  XX
• What are the sex chromosomes for males?

  XY
• What are the laws of genetics?

  1. Law of independent segregation

  • Predictable trait transmission across generations

  1. Law of independent assortment

  • Blood group antigens inherited separately

  1. Law of dominance

  • Dominant traits expressed over recessive ones
• What is a gene?

  Basic unit of heredity, segment of DNA
• What are chromosomes?

  Structures within the nucleus containing DNA
• What is a locus?

  Site of a gene on a chromosome
• What is an allele?

  Alternate forms of a gene at a locus
• What does homozygous mean?

  Identical genes at a locus
• What does heterozygous mean?

  Different genes at a locus
• What is codominance?

  Equal expression of alleles in heterozygotes
• What is a genotype?

  Actual genetic makeup of an individual
• What is a phenotype?

  Observable expression of inherited traits
• What is an amorph?

  Gene that does not express a detectable product
• What is a dominant gene?

  Expressed even in heterozygous state
• What is a recessive gene?

  Expressed only in homozygous state
• What are sex-linked genes?

  Genes carried on the X-chromosome
• What are the types of mutation?

  1. Point mutation

  • Change in one nucleotide

  1. Missense mutation

  • Alters amino acid in peptide

  1. Nonsense mutation

  • Results in premature stop codon

  1. Frameshift mutation

  • Insertion or deletion causing shifts
• What are the chromosomal locations of major blood group systems?

  1. Rh - Chromosome 1
  2. Duffy - Chromosome 1
  3. MNSs - Chromosome 4
  4. Kell - Chromosome 7
  5. ABO - Chromosome 9
  6. Kidd - Chromosome 18
• Who discovered the ABO blood group system?

  Karl Landsteiner
• What is the significance of the ABO blood group system?


  Most clinically significant in transfusion therapy
• What are the Landsteiner Laws regarding blood groups?

  1. Antigen on RBC determines blood group
  2. Corresponding antibody not found in serum
  3. Opposite antibody always present in serum
• What are the ABO blood group genotypes and their antigens?

  • AA: Antigens A, Anti-B
  • BB: Antigens B, Anti-A
  • AB: Antigens A and B, no antibodies
  • OO: No antigens, Anti-A and Anti-B
• When are ABO antigens expressed during development?

  As early as 37th day of fetal life
• What do ABO genes code for?

  Production of enzymes adding immunodominant sugars
• What are the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 chains in blood group systems?

  • Type 1: Beta 1-3 linkage, plasma origin
  • Type 2: Beta 1-4 linkage, synthesized in erythrocytic precursors
• What is the DIEGO blood group system associated with?

  Hereditary spherocytosis and congenital acanthocytosis