Forces and Stresses

• Forces: Compression, Tension, Torsion, Bending, Shear
• Enhancing materials --> reinforcement
• materials can be enhanced to resist and work with forces and stresses to improve functionality
• Materials can be enhanced by

  • being reinforced
  • being stiffened
  • being made more flexible
• Lamination is a technique used to strengthen and stabilize wood by bonding multiple thin layers of wood together with adhesive, creating a strong and durable composite material.
• Lamination can improve the strength, stiffness, and stability of wood, making it ideal for use in a variety of applications, including furniture, flooring, and construction.
• Laminated wood can also be designed to have a specific grain orientation, which can enhance its appearance and performance in different applications.
• Lamination is a popular method for producing high-quality wood products that are both strong and visually appealing.
• Plywood solves this problem by alternating the grain of each layer of wood, allowing it to be strong in all directions