APPROACHES

• Who established the first psychology lab?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What was the aim of Wundt's psychology lab?

  To describe the nature of human consciousness
• What method did Wundt pioneer for studying the mind?

  Introspection
• What does structuralism refer to in psychology?

  Identifying the structure of consciousness
• How did Wundt ensure controlled procedures in his experiments?

  By using standardized instructions and stimuli
• What did participants report during Wundt's introspection experiments?

  Their thoughts, images, and sensations
• What marked the beginning of scientific psychology?

  Wundt's systematic study of the mind
• Which group rejected introspection in the 1900s?

  Early behaviorists
• What did Watson argue about introspection?

  It was subjective and influenced by perspective
• What did Skinner contribute to psychology?

  He introduced rigor from natural sciences
• What did behaviorists focus on in their studies?

  Observable and measurable phenomena
• How did cognitive psychologists view the mind?

  As similar to a computer
• What is cognitive neuroscience?

  The study of brain structures influencing cognition
• What does the biological approach emphasize in psychology?

  The role of biological structures and processes
• What is neurochemistry?

  The action of chemicals in the brain
• What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

  Genotype is genetic makeup; phenotype is expression
• What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

  Prepares the body for fight or flight
• What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

  Returns the body to resting state
• What is the primary communication system of the body?

  The nervous system
• How does the endocrine system differ from the nervous system?

  It works more slowly and uses hormones
• What is the role of hormones in the body?

  They affect cells with specific receptors
• What is the significance of twin studies in psychology?

  They investigate genetic influences on behavior
• What does positive reinforcement do to behavior?

  Increases the likelihood of repetition
• What is punishment in the context of behaviorism?

  An unpleasant consequence of behavior
• What are the key features of the behaviorist approach?

  • Focus on observable behavior only
  • Controlled lab studies
  • Use of non-human animals
  • Classical conditioning (Pavlov's research)
  • Operant conditioning (Skinner's research)
• What are the key features of the cognitive approach?

  • Scientific study of mental processes
  • Role of inference in studying mental processes
  • Central idea of schema
  • Use of theoretical and computer models
  • Emergence of cognitive neuroscience
• What are the key features of the biological approach?

  • Biological basis of psychological processes
  • Mind and body are one
  • Neurochemical basis of behavior
  • Genetic influences on behavior
  • Theory of evolution to explain behavior
• What are the key features of the endocrine system?

  • Controls vital functions through hormones
  • Works slower than the nervous system
  • Key gland: pituitary gland (master gland)
  • Hormones affect cells with specific receptors
• What is the fight or flight response?

  • Physiological reaction to perceived threats
  • Involves activation of the sympathetic nervous system
  • Adrenaline is released into the bloodstream
  • Prepares the body for immediate action
• What is the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

  • Sympathetic: prepares body for action
  • Parasympathetic: returns body to resting state
  • Both regulate bodily functions during stress and relaxation
• What is the significance of reinforcement and punishment in behaviorism?

  • Positive reinforcement increases behavior likelihood
  • Negative reinforcement avoids unpleasant outcomes
  • Punishment decreases behavior likelihood
• What is the fight or flight response?

  A physiological reaction to perceived threats
• How does the hypothalamus respond to stressors?

  It activates the pituitary gland
• What happens when the sympathetic nervous system is aroused?

  Adrenaline is released into the bloodstream
• What are some physiological changes caused by adrenaline?

  Increased heart rate and pupil dilation
• What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

  It returns the body to its resting state
• What are the effects of the sympathetic state on the body?

  • Increases heart rate
  • Increases breathing rate
  • Dilates pupils
  • Inhibits digestion
  • Inhibits saliva production
  • Contracts rectum
• What are the effects of the parasympathetic state on the body?

  • Decreases heart rate
  • Decreases breathing rate
  • Constricts pupils
  • Stimulates digestion
  • Stimulates saliva production
  • Relaxes rectum
• What does the psychodynamic approach emphasize?

  The influence of the unconscious mind
• What are the three parts of Freud's tripartite structure of personality?

  Id, Ego, and Superego