Characteristics of cells

• What is the diameter of a mammalian oocyte in humans?

  110 µm
• How much more cytoplasm does a mammalian oocyte contain compared to an average somatic cell?

  100 times more cytoplasm
• How many Ångströms are in a nanometer?

  10 Ångström
• How many nanometers are in a micrometer?

  1,000 nanometers
• How many micrometers are in a meter?

  1,000,000 micrometers
• What is the size range for cellular structures?

  Approximately 1 µm
• Who is Robert Hooke?

  English natural philosopher and architect
• What is Robert Hooke best known for?

  Hooke's law of elasticity
• In what year did Robert Hooke publish "Microphagia"?

  1665
• What did Hooke observe in his studies?

  Minute bodies and properties of air
• What significant invention did Hooke develop?

  Compound microscope
• When were crystal rocks invented as magnifying glasses?

  1000 AD
• Who wrote the "Book of Optics"?

  Ibn al-Haytham
• What did Ibn al-Haytham's publication contribute to?

  Theoretical advancements for microscopes
• Who made the first compound microscope?

  Zacharias Jansen
• What was the magnification range of Jansen's microscope?

  3-10x
• What did John Cuff develop in 1745?

  Side pillar microscope
• What type of microscope was made for King George III in 1763?

  A specialized microscope
• What did Antony van Leeuwenhoek discover in

  • Bacteria
  • free living and parasitic microscopic protists
  • sperm cells
  • muscle fibres
• What are the five kingdoms of life based on morphology?

  • Plantae
  • Fungi
  • Animalia
  • Protista
  • Bacteria (Monera)

  
• What are the three domains of life?

  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukaryota
• Who introduced a new classification based on ribosomal RNA sequences?

  Carl Woese
• What is the Cell Theory proposed by Schleiden and Schwann in 1839?

  • The cell is a unit of structure and organization
  • the cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building block in the construction of organisms
  • cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of crystals (spontaneous generation)
• What did Virchow state in 1858 regarding cell formation?

  All cells arise from pre-existing cells, spontaneous generation is wrong
• What is the Central Dogma proposed by Francis Crick in 1958?

  DNA → RNA → protein via transcription and translation
• What are the common features of all cells?

  • Undergo metabolism and biochemical processes
  • Enclosed by a plasma membrane
  • Store and inherit information via DNA
  • Transcribe information into RNA
  • Use RNA for protein construction
  • Proteins execute genetic information
  • Gather materials, grow, and duplicate
• What is the secondary structure in proteins?

  Weak interactions between amino acids
• What percentage of all proteins have a secondary structure?

  10%
• What is a beta barrel in protein structure?

  Unipolar oriented beta-sheets
• What leads to the formation of a native protein?

  Protein folding
• What process do amino acids undergo to form protein polymers?

  Condensation
• What type of interactions allow protein-protein interaction?

  Side chains of amino acids
• What type of interaction is characterized by the presence of water?

  Hydrophobic interactions
• What type of bond is a disulfide bridge?

  Strong covalent bond