PR1

• CHECKLIST FOR A RELEVANT RESEARCH PROBLEM

  • Is there a need for this study?
  • Are there problems that undertake the need for this study?
  • Is the research problem in line with qualitative research?
  • Is the research problem anchored on stem?
  • Is answering the research problem leading towards giving voice to the minority?
• DO 39, S. 2016, P. 5-18 CHECKLIST
• Qualitative Research

  • big-picture of the subject
  • perceptions, motivations, attitudes, and trends gathers
  • verbal and open-ended data
• Quantitative Research

  • numerical records of empirical data
  • confirms or rejects subjective finding
  • generalizes data from sample populations
• Qualitative research = an empirical research in which the research explores a phenomenon usng textual, descriptive narrative, rather than numerical data.
• Quali research

  assumes the "social constructions" of reality; deploys a variety of interpretive strategies
• S.Y. 2024-2025 THEME

  STEM FOR MINORITY: Giving Voice to the Unheard
• Qualitative Research Methods

  • Ethnography
  • Grounded Theory
  • Phenomenology
  • Narrative Research
  • Case Study
• Ethnography

  • The immersion of an experience
  • Find and explore the reality
  • A phenomenon through the researchers’ eye
  • Observation and interviews
  • Direct involvement
• • Anthropology - The nature of people
• Grounded Theory

  • Inductive
  • It creates theories
  • Theory as its product
  • From the roots (different batches of experiences)
  • At least 3 different batches of informants
  • Has same and specific questions 
  • To see similarities and differences
• Phenomenology

  • The study of a particular or the meaning of phenomena
  • Almost the same with the grounded theory, but does not need batches
  • Pheno
  • Lived or particular experiences
  • People with the same phenomenon
  • To come up with a deep understanding and data where people are coming from
• Narrative Research

  • Ability to tell a story from those involved in it
  • Corpus
  • A collection of texts related to the study
  • Must have a corpus for details and data
  • Analyze the significance of texts 
  • Can have in depth interviews
• Case Study

  • The study of the singular
  • Counterpart of phenomenology
  • Has a unique circumstance
• The research title is expected to “ clearly reflect the topic of investigation, ” which is original, clear, concise or specific (Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017, p. 50)
• Factors to consider in deciding a final research title (Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017):

  1. Feasibility of the research study;
  2. sufficiency or availability of resources (time, reference materials)
  3. access to the site and / or population of interest
  4. ethical considerations
  5. researcher’s knowledge and skills
  6. Strategies for access to a specific site or strategies in identifying research participants;
  7. Availability of relevant secondary sources (documentaries, videos, photos, etc.);
  8. Availability of people who can be research participants;
  9. Budget
• Boddy(2016) suggested that in qualitative research, samples of 12 present a practical sample where data saturation occurs within populations.
• Guest, Namey, and Chen et al., (2020) found that six or seven interviews will capture most themes and suggested that 12 interviews are typically needed to reach the highest degree of saturation.
• Morse (2000) provided a comprehensive discussion on sample size, detailing various considerations.
• Morse(2000)argued that sample size will depend upon:

  • the scope of the research question
  • the nature of the topic
  • the quality of the data
  • the study design
  • shadowed data
• the scope of the research question(the broader the scope, the larger the sample size needed)
• the nature of the topic(the more ‘obvious’ , the smaller the sample size)
• the quality of the data (the richer the data, the smaller the sample size)
• the study design (a longitudinal design in which a group is the unit of analysis will require a smaller sample size than one in which there is one interview per participant)
• shadowed data (if interviews reveal something about others’ perspectives, in addition to the interviewee’s own, this may require a smaller sample size
• The use of shadowed data… provides the investigator with some idea of the range of experiences and the domain of the phenomena beyond the single person’s individual experience, and it provides some explanation of the rationale for these differences’ . (Morse, 2000, p. 4)
• Morse (1994, 2000) recommended at least six participants for phenomenological studies and approximately 35 for studies based in grounded theory, ethnography and ethnoscience.
• one is doing a phenomenological study and interviewing each person many times, one has a large amount of data for each participant and therefore needs fewer participants in the study (perhaps only 6 to 10).
• Grounded theory, with two to three unstructured interviews per person, may need 20 to 30 participants, adjusted according to the factors discussed above
• Malterud etal. (2016, p. 1756) proposed: A study will need the least amount of participants when the study aim is narrow,

  • if the combination of participants is highly specific for the study aim,
  • if it is supported by established theory, if the interview dialogue is strong, and
  • if the analysis includes longitudinal in-depth exploration of narratives or discourse details.
• The rule of thumb:

  Stopcollectingdata when

  • they become iterative
  • no new information is being saturated from the participants
• Turner (2010)

  interview most common/renowned

  can get as much data
• Gall, Gall, Borg (2003)

  introduced the 3 formats for interview design

  ICI, GIGA, SOI
• ICI

  Informal Conversational Interview
• GIGA

  General Interview Guide Approach
• SOI

  Standardized Open-ended Interview
• Unplanned/Unprepared = Adhoc
• ICI

  • informal
  • easiest
  • unstructured
• GIGA

  • semi-structured
  • guide ang outline
  • no specific structure
• SOI

  • structured
  • outlined
  • most used
  • give most comfort to the researcher