mitosis

• What are the main features of the metaphase stage of mitosis?

  • Spindle pole
  • Polar microtubule
  • Nuclear envelope fragment
  • Kinetochore microtubule
  • Stationary chromosomes aligned at the equator of spindle
• How does the appearance of the cell change during the different stages of mitosis?

  • Interphase: Cell appears normal, with a clear nucleus
  • Prophase: Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell equator
  • Anaphase: Chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles
  • Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms, cell begins to divide
• Why do the chromosomes align at the equator of the spindle during metaphase?

  To ensure equal distribution of genetic material to the daughter cells
• What is released into the cell when the nuclear membrane breaks down?

  Chromosomes are released
• What are the key characteristics of mitosis?

  • Type of somatic cell division
  • Produces two identical daughter cells
  • Essential for growth and repair
• What is the first stage of mitosis called?

  Interphase
• How does the role of the nuclear envelope differ between prophase and telophase?

  In prophase it is intact, while in telophase it reforms around the individual chromosomes
• What is the third stage of mitosis called?

  Metaphase
• How does the process of mitosis differ from meiosis?

  • Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells
  • Meiosis produces four genetically distinct daughter cells
  • Mitosis has one cell division, meiosis has two cell divisions
  • Mitosis maintains the original chromosome number, meiosis reduces it by half
  • Mitosis is for growth and repair, meiosis is for sexual reproduction
• What are the main stages of mitosis or somatic cell division?

  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
• What are the five stages of mitosis?

  Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• What happens during anaphase in mitosis?

  Sister chromatids separate
• What are the three types of spindle fibers and their characteristics?

  • K-fibers:
  • Origin: Centrosome
  • Attachment Point: Kinetochores (chromosome)
  • Polar fibers:
  • Origin: Centrosome
  • Attachment Point: Midline
  • Aster fibers:
  • Origin: Centrosome
  • Attachment Point: Cell edge
• How do the stages of mitosis lead to the formation of two identical daughter cells?

  • Interphase: Cell growth and DNA replication
  • Prophase: DNA condenses into chromosomes
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart
  • Telophase: Nuclei reform, resulting in two cells
• What happens to DNA during prophase?

  DNA replicates and condenses
• What begins to form at the poles during prophase?

  Spindle fibers begin to form
• What role do spindle fibers play during metaphase?

  They maintain chromosome position at the center
• What do chromosomes look like during prophase?

  They appear as dark purple X shapes
• How does the arrangement of chromosomes on the metaphase plate differ between mitosis and meiosis?

  In mitosis, the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate with their centromeres facing opposite poles, while in meiosis the homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
• What does the image accompanying the text illustrate?

  It shows the sequential stages of mitosis
• What are the key events that occur during prophase?

  • DNA replicates and condenses into chromosomes
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down
  • Chromosomes are released into the cell
  • Spindle fibers begin to form at the poles
• How do spindle fibers function like ropes during cell division?

  They pull chromosomes to the cell's midline
• How many stages are there in total for meiosis?

  8
• What happens to the chromosomes when anaphase begins?

  They are pulled apart to opposite poles
• What is the name of the stage between Metaphase and Anaphase in the cell cycle?

  Anaphase
• How do the events of anaphase and telophase differ in mitosis?

  Anaphase:

  • Separated chromatid being pulled toward the pole
  • Increasing separation of the poles
  • Shortening kinetochore microtubule

  
  

  Telophase:

  • Polar microtubule unraveling chromosomes
  • Nuclear envelope re-forming around individual chromosomes
  • Completed nuclear envelope surrounding unraveling chromosomes
• What are the key differences between aster microtubules, polar microtubules, and kinetochore microtubules during mitotic metaphase?

  • Aster microtubules radiate outward from the spindle poles
  • Polar microtubules extend from the spindle poles towards the cell poles
  • Kinetochore microtubules attach to the kinetochores on the chromosomes
• What is the name of the structure that forms during cytokinesis to create the cleavage furrow?

  Contractile ring
• What is the term for the arrangement of chromosomes at the cell's center during metaphase?

  Metaphase plate
• What structure breaks down during late prophase?

  Nuclear envelope
• What is the name of the structure in the center of the image?

  Kinetochore
• In which cells does meiosis specifically occur?

  In sex cells (sperm and egg)
• What is the name of the structure that attaches the replicated chromosome to the spindle pole?

  Kinetochore
• Why is the Second Gap (G2) phase important in the cell cycle?

  It allows the cell to check for any DNA damage and make necessary repairs before entering Mitosis
• What is the final stage of mitosis called?

  Telophase
• What happens to spindle fibers during anaphase?

  They shorten
• If the kinetochore microtubules were disrupted, how would this affect the cell division process?

  The replicated chromosomes would not be able to properly attach to the spindle poles and segregate to the daughter cells
• How many daughter cells are produced by meiosis?

  4 haploid daughter cells
• How do the sister chromatids align on the metaphase plate?

  • The sister chromatids align at the metaphase plate with their centromeres facing opposite poles
  • This ensures equal distribution of genetic material to the daughter cells during cell division
• What occurs to chromosomes during telophase?

  They begin to unwind into chromatin