hormones and homeostasis

• What is the role of the pancreas in blood glucose control?

  It monitors and controls blood glucose concentration
• What happens when blood glucose concentration is too high?

  The pancreas releases more insulin
• What occurs to excess glucose in liver and muscle cells?

  It is converted to glycogen for storage
• What is Type 1 diabetes caused by?

  Pancreas failing to produce sufficient insulin
• How is Type 1 diabetes normally treated?

  By monitoring blood sugar levels and injecting insulin
• What is Type 2 diabetes caused by?

  Body cells losing the ability to respond to insulin
• What is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

  Obesity
• How can Type 2 diabetes often be treated?

  With a carbohydrate-controlled diet and exercise
• What is the effect of injecting insulin on blood glucose levels in Type 1 diabetes?

  It lowers blood glucose by converting it to glycogen
• Why is there little effect of insulin in Type 2 diabetes?

  Cells do not respond to insulin
• What are the main hormone-producing glands in the human body?

  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal gland
  • Testis (male)
  • Ovary (female)
• What is the endocrine system made up of?

  Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
• How do hormones differ from the nervous system in terms of effects?

  Hormonal effects are slower and last longer
• What is the function of the pituitary gland?

  It secretes several hormones in response to body conditions
• What do some hormones from the pituitary gland do?

  They stimulate other glands to release hormones
• What are endocrine glands sometimes called?

  Ductless glands
• What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

  Endocrine glands secrete hormones into blood
• What is the main function of insulin?

  To lower blood glucose levels
• What is homeostasis?

  The maintenance of stable internal conditions
• What are the principles of hormonal coordination and control?

  • Hormones are secreted by glands
  • They travel through the bloodstream
  • They bind to specific receptors on target cells
  • They produce specific effects on those cells
• How are blood glucose levels controlled?

  1. Pancreas monitors blood glucose
  2. Insulin is released if levels are high
  3. Glucose moves into liver and muscle cells
  4. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen
• What is the effect of insulin on liver cells?

  It stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen
• What is the treatment for Type 2 diabetes?

  It often involves diet and exercise
• What is a key point about Type 1 diabetes treatment?

  It cannot be treated by controlling the diet
• What is a key point about Type 2 diabetes treatment?

  It is not normally treated with insulin