lesson 5- milgrams variation

• What are situational variables?

  Features of the environment influencing behavior
• What is the proximity variation in Milgram's study?

  • Teacher and learner in the same room
  • Touch proximity: teacher forced learner's hand
  • Remote instruction: experimenter gave instructions by phone
• What was the obedience percentage when teacher and learner were in the same room?

  40%
• What was the obedience percentage for touch proximity variation?

  30%
• What was the obedience percentage for remote instruction variation?

  20.5%
• Why does decreasing proximity affect obedience?

  • People distance from consequences
  • Less awareness of harm caused
  • More obedient to instructions
• What was the location variation in Milgram's study?

  • Conducted in a run-down office block
  • Compared to Yale University
• What was the obedience percentage in the office block variation?

  47.5%
• Why was obedience still relatively high in the office block variation?

  • Participants perceived scientific nature
  • Believed in legitimacy of procedure
• What was the uniform variation in Milgram's study?

  • Experimenter wore a grey lab coat
  • Role taken over by a confederate in ordinary clothes
• What was the obedience percentage when the experimenter was replaced?

  20%
• Why does uniform encourage obedience?

  • Recognized as symbols of authority
  • Authority is legitimate in uniform
  • Less expectation of obedience without uniform
• What did Bickman's 1974 study demonstrate about situational variables?

  • Influence of uniform on obedience
  • Participants obeyed security guard more
• What did Meeus and Raaijmakers study in 1986?

  • Obedience in Dutch participants
  • 90% obeyed stressful interview orders
• What limitation did Orne and Holland identify in Milgram's study?

  • Participants may have known it was fake
  • Lower internal validity due to deception
• What did Smith and Bond identify about cultural limitations in replications?

  • Limited to countries with similar norms
  • Different cultures may affect validity
• What is a key limitation of Milgram's findings regarding culture?

  • Findings may not be valid across all cultures
  • Replications in culturally different countries