2.1

• What are norms in society?

  Social expectations that guide behaviour
• What do moral codes refer to?

  Morals or good ways of behaviour
• What are values in a culture?

  Rules shared by most within a culture
• What does social control refer to?

  Strategies for preventing deviant behaviour
• How do people within society encourage conformity?

  Through various means of social control
• What are the two types of social control?

  Internal and external social control
• What is internal social control?

  Controls over behaviour from within ourselves
• What is external social control?

  Agencies that regulate our behaviour
• What does our conscience do in internal social control?

  Tells us if an action is wrong
• Why do we conform according to internal social control?

  Self-respect demands it
• What are the three areas of internal social control?

  Moral conscience, traditions, internalisation
• What does the ID represent in psychoanalytic theory?

  Unconscious, instinctive part of the brain
• What is the role of the EGO in psychoanalytic theory?

  Balances the ID and Superego
• How is the Superego formed?

  Through consistent socialisation of right and wrong
• How do traditions and culture contribute to social control?

  Ensures conformity through customs and norms
• What is the process of internalising social rules?

  Learning rules through socialisation in groups
• What are agencies of social control?

  Organisations that impose rules on behaviour
• What is the role of the criminal justice system?

  Imposes sanctions for criminal behaviour
• What powers do police have in the criminal justice system?

  Stop, search, arrest, detain, and question
• What powers do judges and magistrates have?

  Power of bail, remand, and sentencing
• What can the prison service do?

  Detain prisoners against their will
• What is coercion in social control?

  Use of force to achieve a desired end
• What is deterrence in the context of punishment?

  Using punishment as a threat to stop offending
• What are the two areas of deterrence?

  Individual and general deterrence
• What are mandatory minimums?

  Specific minimum prison terms for certain crimes
• What does "three strikes and you’re out" mean?

  Harsher penalties for third criminal offence
• What does Bandura’s social learning theory emphasize?

  Consequences, vicarious reinforcement, observational learning
• What does control theory aim to explain?

  Why people do not commit crime
• What does Walter C Reckless suggest about crime resistance?

  Inner and outer containment help resist crime
• What is inner containment according to Reckless?

  Influence from upbringing and family
• What is outer containment according to Reckless?

  Influence of social groups and laws
• What does Travis Hirschi's attachment theory state?

  More attachment leads to caring about opinions
• How does commitment affect crime according to Hirschi?

  More commitment risks more by crime
• What does involvement in activities do regarding crime?

  Less time for crime due to engagement
• How does belief in law affect criminal behaviour?

  Socialised belief reduces likelihood of breaking law
• What role does effective parenting play in crime prevention?

  Forms strong bonds that prevent offending
• What should parents do to prevent criminal behaviour?

  Show disapproval and explain consequences
• What do Riley and Shaw suggest about parenting?

  Involve in teenagers' lives and social life
• How does feminism relate to control theory?

  Women's behaviour is more closely controlled
• What bias exists in the criminal justice system regarding women?

  Women less likely to be prosecuted or convicted