Marxist Explanation

• N-Ms see y. culture as a response to what?

  Capitalism
• N-Ms see y. culture as resistance to what?


  Young ppl's class position + exploitation
• Why could youth culture be perceived as a form of exploitation?


  They're trained into valuing brands and money; valuing 'fitting in'/popularity and then stigmatising genuine rebels as 'weirdos'
• Which subcultures actively resist capitalism?


  Spectacular youth subcultures
• What document did the CCCS publish in 197_?

  'Resistance Through Rituals', 1972
• What were the Marxists at the CCCS specifically interested in studying?

  How WC youth's s. class/economic situation impacted the subculture they'd form
• What 4 'rituals' did WC youths use to resist capitalism?

  1. Hairstyle
  2. Clothing
  3. Music
  4. Attitudes
• Who studied Skinheads?

  Clarke & Cohen
• Who studied Mods and Punks?

  Hebdige
• Who studied Teddy Boys?

  Jefferson
• Who did Willis study?

  WC 'lads'
• What technique was utilized to study SYSs?

  Semiology
• What is semiology?

  Interpreting codes/symbolic behaviour
• AO3: What is the problem with semiology?

  The Marxist researchers may have interpreted the code incorrectly
• AO3: What events occurred in the UK whilst the CCCS was researching which might make their ideas irrelevant now?

  • mass unemployment
  • strikes
  • military attacks in NI
• Describe the style of a Teddy boy:

  • velvet jackets
  • greased hair styled in a quiff
  • based on Edwardian fashion + rock 'n' roll
• What were Teddy girls called?

  'Judies'
• Describe the fashion of a Teddy girl:

  Long jackets, pencil skirts + ponytails
• Why did Jefferson say that Teddy boys were sensitive about their fashion choices?

  They wore old high-class clothing to:

  1. Elevate their status
  2. Show contempt for class system/poke fun at higher-ups
• How did Jefferson explain the violence of the Teddy boy subculture?

  Insecurity over high-class aspiration - low-class status
• How did 1970's mass unemployment for WC youths contribute to racial tensions?

  Increased job competition
• Describe typical Skinhead attire:

  • shaved heads
  • army boots
  • braces
  • button down shirts
• Which wave of Skinheads displayed cultural hybridity?


  1st wave
• How did the 1st wave of Skinheads display cultural hybridity?


  They listened to soul/ska/reggae music brought over by the Windrush Gen.
• What was notable of the 2nd wave of Skinheads?


  They were drawn into Far Right/White supremacist politics
• Which youth subculture emphasised style + good taste by wearing smart suits and close-cropped hair?


  Mods
• Which stylish Italian scooter was associated with Mods? 


  Vespa
• How did Clarke explain skinhead fashion?

  It allowed them to accentuate their WC identity
• How did Cohen explain the violence & racism of the Skinhead culture?

  • They wanted to defend their territory due to economic situ. at the time.
  • Also is 'symbolic resistance' to social change
• Who studied the Punks and when?

  Hebdige, 1970's
• What is bricolage?


  Punk method of finding new uses for old objects + giving them new meaning
• According to Hebdige, what did Punks set out to do to society?


  Shock them
• Why does Hebdige think SYSs are short-lived?


  It gets incorporated into mainstream y. culture and sold back to youths to make profit
• What is a real life example of SYSs getting incorporated?

  Punk bands getting big record deals > music entering pop charts
• What 2 things were Punk trying to resist?

  1. Mainstream y. culture
  2. Hegemony
• Which 2 SYSs utilized lace code?

  Skinheads + Punks
• What did Brake argue about SYSs?

  • Offers them a sense of strength BUT no long-term, practical solutions
  • Could provide identity, but most end up conforming later
• AO3: Why is the CCCS' work described as 'deterministic'?

  Applying meaning to youths' style/behaviour to fit their theory when they may have been following trends of the time