cardiovascular and respiratory

• What are the adaptations for the lungs?

  • Large surface area to allow faster diffusion of gases across the surface
  • Thin walls to ensure diffusion distances remain short
  • Good ventilation with air so that diffusion gradients can be maintained
  • Good blood supply (dense capillary network) to maintain a high concentration gradient so diffusion occurs faster
• what process does gas exchange occur by?

  diffusion
• What's the function of the ribs?

  bone structures that surround and protect the lungs, they also aid breathing by moving up and out or down and in
• What's the function of the intercostal muscles?

  muscles between the ribs which control movement, causing inhalation and exhalation
• what's the function of the diaphragm?

  sheet of connective tissue and muscle at the bottom of the thorax that helps change the volume of the thorax to allow inhalation and exhalation
• what's the function of the trachea?

  windpipe that connects the mouth and nose to the lungs, lined with goblet cells(to produce mucus) and ciliated epithelial cells(with cilia which move mucus up to the mouth)
• what's the function of the bronchus?

  large tubes branching off the trachea with one bronchus for each lung, also lined with goblet cells and ciliated epithelial cells
• what's the function of the bronchioles?

  the bronchi split to form smaller tubes called bronchioles in the lungs connected to alveoli
• what's the function of the alveoli?

  tiny moist air sacs where gas exchange takes place, each alveolus is covered in capillaries
• What is the circulatory system a system of?

  • blood vessels
  • the heart
  • valves that maintain a one-way flow of blood around the body
• What type of circulatory system does the human heart have?

  Double-circulatory system
• What are the main components of the circulatory system?

  • Blood vessels
  • A pump (the heart)
  • Valves for one-way blood flow
• How many chambers does the heart have?

  Four chambers
• What is the function of the right side of the heart?

  Pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange
• What is the function of the left side of the heart?

  Pumps blood under high pressure to the body
• What is the pulmonary circuit?

  Blood flow to the lungs for gas exchange
• What is systemic circulation?

  Blood flow under high pressure to the body
• What are the benefits of a double circulatory system?

  • Maintains higher pressure for systemic circulation
  • Allows more time for gas diffusion in lungs
  • Increases speed of oxygenated blood delivery to cells
• Why does blood lose pressure in the lungs?

  It travels through small capillaries
• How does returning oxygenated blood to the heart benefit the body?

  It raises pressure before sending it to the body
• What is the significance of increased pressure in the circulatory system?

  Supplies cells with oxygenated blood more quickly
• What side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?

  the right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs and this is where oxygen diffuses in from the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses out
• what side of the heart receives oxygenated blood?

  the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body
• where is blood pumped in the veins?

  blood is pumped towards the heart
• where is blood pumped in the arteries?

  away from the heart
• what are the top chambers called in the heart?

  the atria
• what are the bottom chambers called of the heart?

  ventricles
• diagram of the heart

  heart

  
• What type of blood enters the heart via the vena cava?

  Deoxygenated blood
• Where does deoxygenated blood empty into after entering the heart?

  Right atrium
• What happens to blood after it flows down through the valves into the right ventricle?

  It travels up through the pulmonary artery
• What occurs in the lungs after blood travels through the pulmonary artery?

  Gas exchange occurs, and blood becomes oxygenated
• How does oxygenated blood return to the heart?

  Via the pulmonary vein
• What happens to blood after it flows down through the valves into the left ventricle?

  It travels up through the aorta
• Where does oxygenated blood empty into after returning to the heart?

  Left atrium
• What is the final destination of blood after it travels up through the aorta?

  To the rest of the body
• What's the pathway of blood through the heart?

  Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
• How do the walls of the ventricles compare to those of the atria?

  The walls of the ventricles are thicker
• Why do the ventricles have thicker walls than the atria?

  They pump blood and need higher pressure
• Which ventricle has a thicker wall, left or right?

  Left ventricle