tectonic hazard

• What are the three main layers of the Earth?

  Core, mantle, and crust
• What is the temperature of the Earth's inner core?

  5500°C
• What is the composition of the Earth's core?

  Nickel and iron
• What is the difference between the lower and upper mantle?

  Lower mantle is rigid; upper mantle is semi-molten
• What forms the lithosphere?

  Upper mantle and crust
• How thick is the continental crust?

  30-70 km thick
• What is the composition of oceanic crust?

  Basalt
• What causes tectonic plates to move?

  Convection currents in the mantle
• What are the three types of plate margins?

  Destructive, constructive, and conservative
• What happens at a destructive margin?

  Plates move towards each other
• What occurs at a constructive margin?

  Plates move away from each other
• What is a conservative margin?

  Plates move sideways past each other
• Where do earthquakes most commonly occur?

  At destructive and conservative margins
• What causes an earthquake?

  Sudden movement of tectonic plates
• What are intra-plate earthquakes?

  Earthquakes occurring away from plate margins
• How do volcanoes form?

  Magma rises through the Earth's crust
• Where are volcanoes usually found?

  At destructive and constructive plate margins
• What are hotspots?

  Areas of the mantle hotter than surroundings
• What is the primary effect of an earthquake?

  Ground shaking
• What is liquefaction?

  Saturated soil behaves like a liquid
• What are the primary volcanic hazards?

  Lava flows, ash clouds, pyroclastic flows
• What is the most dangerous volcanic hazard?

  Pyroclastic flows
• What are lahars?

  Fast-moving mudflows from volcanic ash
• What is the Pacific Ring of Fire?

  A zone of frequent earthquakes and eruptions
• How are earthquakes and volcanoes compared in terms of frequency?

  Earthquakes are more frequent than volcanoes
• What factors influence the risk from tectonic hazards?

  Population density, development level, preparedness
• What is one management strategy for tectonic hazards?

  Monitoring seismic activity
• What is the purpose of hazard maps?

  Identify areas most at risk
• What is the role of education in managing tectonic hazards?

  Helps people know how to respond
• What is a dispersion graph used for?

  Show distribution of individual data values
• What is the first step in plotting a dispersion graph?

  Draw the axes
• How do you calculate the range in earthquake depth?

  Subtract minimum depth from maximum depth
• How do the effects of earthquakes differ from those of volcanoes?

  Earthquakes cause ground shaking; volcanoes produce lava
• What is the significance of historical records in earthquake prediction?

  Identify areas that have experienced earthquakes
• What is the purpose of exclusion zones around volcanoes?

  To keep people safe from eruptions
• What is the role of seismicity in monitoring earthquakes?

  Records earthquake activity using seismographs
• What is the function of tiltmeters in monitoring volcanoes?

  Measure ground deformation
• What is one primary effect of volcanic eruptions?

  Lava flows
• How can buildings be designed to withstand earthquakes?

  Using rubber shock absorbers and reinforced frames
• What is the importance of emergency shelters during tectonic hazards?

  Provide temporary housing for affected people