Depression

• Manic depression is when a person alternates between manic episodes, which is when a person experiences a period of high mood, which lasts for at least one week, and depressive episodes, which is when a person experiences a period of low mood, which lasts for at least one week. Another word for manic depression is bipolar disorder.
• What is a key characteristic of depression regarding symptoms?

  Symptoms must last at least two weeks
• What must depression symptoms cause to be classified as such?

  Significant problems in functioning or distress
• What is lethargy in the context of depression?

  Tiredness or sluggishness
• What does anhedonia refer to in depression?

  Loss of enjoyment in normal activities
• What are the sleep changes associated with depression?

  Hyper/hypersomnia
• How can depression affect eating patterns?

  It can cause weight change unintentionally
• What type of aggression can occur in depression?

  Verbal aggression towards others
• What is a potential form of self-harm in depression?

  Cutting or suicide
• What is a common emotional symptom of depression?

  Reduced mood most of the day
• What negative emotion can accompany depression besides sadness?

  Anger
• How does depression affect self-esteem?

  It lowers self-esteem
• What cognitive pattern is common in depressed individuals?

  Poor concentration and decision-making
• What type of thinking do depressed individuals often emphasize?

  Negative thinking
• What is absolutist thinking in depression?

  Seeing events as all bad
• What recurrent thoughts may occur in depression?

  Thoughts of death and/or suicide
• What cognitive errors did Beck suggest depressed people make?

  Minimize successes and take all blame
• What is a negative self-schema?

  A negative view of oneself
• What can lead to a sense of hopelessness in depression?

  Negative self-schema from life events
• What are the three components of Beck's Negative Triad?

  Negative views of self, world, and future
• What does Ellis's ABC Model explain about depression?

  It results from irrational beliefs
• What does 'A' in Ellis's ABC Model stand for?

  Activating event
• What does 'B' in Ellis's ABC Model represent?

  Beliefs about the activating event
• What is 'C' in Ellis's ABC Model?

  Consequences of beliefs
• What did Gustafson's research find about depressed individuals?

  They report irrational thought processes
• What is a limitation of the evidence supporting cognitive explanations of depression?

  Evidence is correlational, not causal - so, we do not know the cause through these explanations
• What did Grazioli & Terry find regarding cognitive vulnerability?

  It linked to post-natal depression
• What did Clark & Beck find in their review of research?

  Negative thought patterns exist before depression
• What did McGuffin's twin study reveal about depression?

  Concordance rates of 46% for MZ twins
• What does the diathesis-stress model suggest about depression?

  Genes play a role as a biological trigger
• What did Wender et al. find about adopted children and depression?

  They are more likely to have biological parents with depression
• What did brain scans reveal about depressed individuals?

  Different responses to happy and sad faces
• What is a limitation of the ABC model in explaining depression?

  It only explains reactive depression
• What is a characteristic of endogenous depression?

  It isn't explained by the ABC model
• What did March et al. find about recovery rates for CBT?

  81% recovery for CBT and antidepressants
• What did Keller et al. find about recovery rates for treatments?

  85% for combination of drugs and CBT
• What is a limitation of CBT for severe depression?

  It may be too difficult without drugs
• What did Whitfield & Williams suggest about self-help CBT?

  It could teach core cognitive skills
• What is a potential drawback of focusing on the present in therapy?

  It may not address past experiences
• What did Kuyken & Tsivrikos claim about therapist competence?

  It affects 15% of treatment outcomes