topic 2 development dynamics

• What does development mean in the context of a country?

  It means improvement for the people living there
• What are the different aspects of development?

  • Economic: progress in growth and technology
  • Social: improvement in living standards and health care
  • Political: stable political systems meeting societal needs
• What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

  Total value of goods and services produced
• How is GDP per capita calculated?

  GDP divided by the population of a country
• What does Gross National Income (GNI) include?

  Income from overseas and domestic production
• What does a lower birth rate indicate about women's rights?

  It indicates improved women's rights
• What does the Gini coefficient measure?

  Economic inequality within a country
• What does the Human Development Index (HDI) assess?

  Life expectancy, education, and income
• What is the significance of a high HDI value?

  Indicates a more developed country
• Why can single indicators be misleading?

  Some aspects develop before others
• How does development affect fertility and mortality rates?

  • Developed countries have lower fertility and mortality rates
  • Developing countries have higher fertility and mortality rates
  • Emerging countries see rapid changes in these rates
• What characterizes developing countries in terms of population structure?

  Wide base in population pyramids
• What happens to fertility rates in emerging countries?

  They fall rapidly as women gain equality
• What is a consequence of good health care in developed countries?

  Low death rate and high life expectancy
• What are the characteristics of population pyramids in developed countries?

  • Narrow base indicating low fertility rates
  • Wider top indicating more older people
  • Bulging middle section due to a larger working-age population
• What is the HDI value for Chad in 2014?

  0.392
• What factors can affect a country's level of development?

  Climate, education, colonialism, health
• How does a poor climate affect development?

  Reduces food production and quality of life
• What is the impact of education on a country's economy?

  Produces a skilled workforce and increases income
• What is a consequence of colonialism on development?

  Lower development levels upon gaining independence
• How does topography affect food production?

  Steep land reduces food production capacity
• What diseases are prevalent in poorer countries due to health issues?

  Malaria and cholera
• What is neo-colonialism?

  Indirect control of poorer countries by richer ones
• How do authoritarian governments affect development?

  They can implement policies without opposition
• What is the relationship between global inequalities and education?

  Poorer countries invest less in education
• What percentage of global wealth does the richest 20% of countries hold?

  70.1%
• What are the social consequences of global inequalities?

  Lower life expectancies and higher infant mortality
• How does economic development lead to environmental problems?

  Increased consumption puts pressure on resources
• What is a consequence of industrialization on the environment?

  Increased pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
• How can poorer people contribute to environmental damage?

  By collecting firewood leading to deforestation
• What do global inequalities cause in terms of environmental problems?

  They lead to increased consumption and pollution.
• How does economic development affect resource consumption?

  It increases consumption of food, water, and energy.
• What is a consequence of industrialization on the environment?

  It leads to increased pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
• What happens to pollution levels in developing countries with foreign factories?

  Local pollution levels often increase significantly.
• How can poorer people contribute to environmental damage?

  By collecting firewood, leading to deforestation.
• What are the five stages of Rostow's economic development theory?

  1. Traditional society
  2. Preconditions for take-off
  3. Take-off
  4. Drive to maturity
  5. Mass consumption
• What does Rostow's modernization theory predict?

  It predicts changes in a country's economic development.
• What characterizes the 'Take-off' stage in Rostow's model?

  Rapid growth and large-scale industrialization occur.
• What is the highest stage in Rostow's model?

  Mass consumption
• What does Frank's Dependency Theory explain?


  Why some countries remain poor due to dependency.