topic 3 challenges of an urbanising world

• What is urbanisation?

  Growth in population living in urban areas
• What percentage of the world's population currently lives in urban areas?

  More than 50%
• What historical period saw early urbanisation in developed countries?

  Industrial Revolution
• What percentage of the population in developed countries currently lives in urban areas?

  79%
• What percentage of the population in developing countries currently lives in urban areas?

  35%
• Where are the fastest rates of urbanisation occurring?

  In developing countries
• Which countries are experiencing rapid urban growth?

  Thailand, South Africa, and China
• What is a megacity?

  An urban area with over 10 million people
• How many megacities were there by 2014?

  28 megacities
• What is predicted about the number of megacities by 2035?

  It will rise to 48 megacities
• Where are most current megacities located?

  In developing countries
• What is urban primacy?

  When one city dominates a country
• How much larger is a primate city compared to the next largest city?

  Usually more than twice as many people
• What economic influence do primate cities have?

  They attract investment and migration
• What are some push factors for migration?

  Low wages and poor living standards
• What are some pull factors for migration?

  More jobs and better living conditions
• What causes cities in developing countries to grow?

  Poor rural conditions and job opportunities
• What is de-industrialisation?

  Manufacturing moving out of an area
• What is counter-urbanisation?

  Movement from urban areas to rural towns
• What is re-urbanisation?

  Movement back into urban areas
• What are the stages cities go through as they develop?

  • Urbanisation: Increase in urban population
  • De-industrialisation: Manufacturing moves out
  • Counter-urbanisation: Movement to rural areas
  • Re-urbanisation: Return to urban areas
• What are the different types of land use in cities?

  • Commercial: Offices, shopping centres
  • Industrial: Factories, warehouses
  • Residential: Houses, flats, apartments
• What influences land use in cities?

  • Accessibility: Proximity to transport
  • Availability: Land use and demand
  • Cost: Economic factors
  • Regulations: Planning laws and restrictions
• What is the central business district (CBD)?

  The commercial center of a city
• What characterizes the inner city?

  Low-class housing and older industry
• What is found in the suburbs?

  Mainly medium-class housing
• What is the rural-urban fringe?

  A mix of commercial and residential areas
• Why do businesses locate in city centres?

  For accessibility to many people
• What is brownfield land?

  Old industrial sites for redevelopment
• What are planning regulations?

  Rules controlling city development types
• What is designated greenbelt land?

  Land that cannot be built on
• What is the land use situation in city centres?

  Almost all land is in use and demand is high
• Why do businesses extend upwards in city centres?

  Ground space is limited
• What type of land may be redeveloped in city centres?

  Brownfield land, such as old industrial sites
• What is a common redevelopment in inner cities?

  Old housing redeveloped as luxury homes
• Where is there more space for larger buildings?

  On the edges of cities
• What do city planners control in urban development?

  Types of buildings in different city parts
• What may be banned in city centres due to planning regulations?

  Polluting industries
• What is a greenbelt land designation?

  Land that can't be built on
• Where are land prices highest in a city?

  In the city centre