B3 - infection and response

• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
• What types of organisms can be pathogens?

  Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists
• How do bacterial pathogens reproduce?

  They reproduce quickly in the body
• What do bacteria produce that can damage tissue?

  Toxins
• How do viral pathogens operate?

  They infect and reproduce inside body cells
• What is the first line of defense in the human body?

  Hair and mucus in the nose
• What role does hydrochloric acid in the stomach play?

  It kills microbes present in food
• What is the function of skin in the human defense system?

  Physical barrier against microbes
• How do cilia in the lungs help defend against pathogens?

  They trap and move microbes out of the body
• What is phagocytosis?

  Engulfing and digesting pathogens by white blood cells
• What do white blood cells produce to help destroy pathogens?

  Antibodies
• What do antibodies attach to on pathogens?

  Antigens
• What is the role of antitoxins produced by white blood cells?

  Counteract toxins produced by pathogens
• What is a vaccine?

  Dead or weakened pathogens injected into the body
• How do vaccines work?

  Stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies
• What happens when the body is reinfected after vaccination?

  Antibodies are made quickly in large numbers
• What disease is caused by the bacterium Salmonella?

  Food poisoning
• How is Salmonella spread?

  By eating infected food
• What are the symptoms of Salmonella food poisoning?

  Fever, cramps, vomiting, diarrhea
• How can Salmonella food poisoning be prevented?

  Vaccinating poultry and hygiene practices
• What disease is caused by the bacterium Gonorrhea?

  Sexually transmitted disease
• How is Gonorrhea spread?

  By sexual contact
• What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea?

  Thick discharge and pain on urinating
• How can Gonorrhea be treated?

  With antibiotics
• What disease is caused by the virus Measles?

  Viral disease with fever and rash
• How is Measles spread?

  By inhaling droplets from sneezes
• What are the symptoms of Measles?

  Fever and red skin rash
• How can Measles be prevented?

  By vaccinating young children
• What disease is caused by the virus HIV?

  Viral disease that attacks the immune system
• How is HIV spread?

  By sexual contact or sharing needles
• What are the symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like illness, progresses to AIDS
• How can HIV be treated?

  With anti-retroviral drugs
• How can HIV be prevented?

  By using condoms and not sharing needles
• What disease is caused by the Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

  Plant disease affecting leaves
• How is the Tobacco Mosaic Virus spread?

  By contact between plants
• What are the symptoms of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

  Mosaic pattern of discoloration on leaves
• How can the Tobacco Mosaic Virus be treated?

  By removing and destroying infected plants
• What disease is caused by the fungal pathogen Rose Black Spot?

  Fungal disease affecting plants
• How is Rose Black Spot spread?

  By wind or water
• What are the symptoms of Rose Black Spot?

  Purple or black spots on leaves