State the general formula: <latex>C_x(H_2O)_y</latex>

• What is the chemical structure of an unsaturated fatty acid?

  A long chain of carbon atoms with at least one double bond, and hydrogen atoms attached
• Why are macronutrients important for the human body?

  They provide the body with energy, building blocks, and essential nutrients
• How do the food groups shown for each macronutrient differ in terms of their primary functions in the body?

  Carbs provide energy, proteins build and repair tissues, fats provide energy storage and insulation
• How is the general formula of carbohydrates expressed?

  $C_{x}(H_{2}O)_{y}$
• What is the hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio in carbohydrates?

  2:1 for every carbon atom
• What does the general formula of carbohydrates indicate?

  It shows a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
• What are carbohydrates primarily used for in the body?

  To supply energy
• What is the chemical structure of a steroid?

  • Four fused hydrocarbon rings
  • Typically contains a hydroxyl group
  • Often has methyl groups attached
• How does the structure of proteins relate to their function?

  The specific arrangement of amino acids determines function
• Why are lipids essential for cells?

  They are essential for energy storage and cell structure
• What does the general formula for carbohydrates indicate about their composition?

  They consist of carbon atoms and water molecules
• How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?

  Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds
• What is the chemical structure of a saturated fatty acid?

  A long chain of carbon atoms with single bonds, and hydrogen atoms attached
• How does Hydrogen contribute to the structure of fatty acids?

  It bonds to Carbon in fatty acid structure
• What are lipids primarily composed of?

  Fats and oils
• What characteristic do many carbohydrates have?

  They are sweet-tasting
• What role do triglycerides play in the body?

  They store energy for the body
• What are the primary elements in lipids?

  Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
• What are the main components of a polypeptide chain?

  • Amino acids
  • Peptide bonds
  • Sequence of amino acids
• What are the main components of lipids and their functions?

  • Carbon (C): Backbone of lipid molecules
  • Hydrogen (H): Bonds to carbon in fatty acids
  • Oxygen (O): Bonds to carbon and hydrogen in chains
  • Phosphorus (P): Found in phospholipids, forming cell membranes
• What is depicted in the image related to proteins?

  How amino acids link in a chain
• What are proteins made from?

  Amino acids
• What is the role of the variable group in amino acids?

  It determines the specific properties of the amino acid
• What is the basic structure of proteins?

  • Central carbon (C)
  • Amino group (N)
  • Carboxyl group (O)
  • Variable group (R)
• If you wanted to build muscle mass, which macronutrient would you want to focus on consuming more of?

  Protein
• How are amino acids joined together in proteins?

  By peptide bonds
• What are the chemical elements in carbohydrates?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• What is the function of nitrogen in proteins?

  Part of the amino group
• How many nitrogenous bases are in DNA?

  Four
• What is the distance between the major grooves in the DNA structure?

  3.4nm
• What does the image of DNA illustrate?

  The double helix and sugar-phosphate backbone
• In which amino acids is sulfur present?

  In certain amino acids like cysteine
• What is the significance of the major and minor grooves in the DNA structure?

  • The major and minor grooves provide access points for proteins and other molecules to bind to the DNA and regulate gene expression.
  • The different sizes of the grooves also play a role in DNA recognition and interactions.
• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What are the components of a nucleotide?

  Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
• If the radius of the DNA double helix is 0.34nm, what is the area of the cross-section of the DNA?

  $\pi (0.34\text{nm})^2 =$$0.364\text{nm}^2$
• What are the basic building blocks of a polypeptide chain?

  Amino acids
• What are the major structural components of DNA shown in the image?

  • Sugar Phosphate Backbone
  • Nitrogenous Bases
  • Major Groove
  • Minor Groove
• In which foods are carbohydrates commonly found?

  Sugars, grains, and starches
• What is the diameter of the DNA double helix structure shown in the image?

  2nm