A01

• What does the behaviourist approach focus on studying?

  Observable and measurable behaviour
• Why do behaviourists not investigate mental processes?

  Mental processes are seen as irrelevant
• Who rejected introspection in behaviourism?

  John B. Watson
• What was the reason for rejecting introspection?

  It involved vague and difficult concepts
• What method did behaviourists prefer for research?

  Lab studies for control and objectivity
• What do behaviourists believe about behaviour?

  All behaviour is learned
• How do behaviourists describe a baby's mind?

  As a 'blank slate'
• What do behaviourists suggest about learning processes across species?

  They are the same in all species
• What are the two important forms of learning identified by behaviourists?

  Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
• Who first demonstrated classical conditioning?

  Ivan Pavlov
• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning through association
• What did Pavlov condition dogs to do?

  Salivate to the sound of a bell
• What is the relationship between the bell and food in Pavlov's experiment?

  The bell is a conditioned stimulus for salivation
• What is operant conditioning according to B.F. Skinner?

  Learning shaped by consequences
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Receiving a reward for a behaviour
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Avoiding something unpleasant
• What is punishment in the context of operant conditioning?

  An unpleasant consequence of behaviour
• How do positive and negative reinforcement affect behaviour?

  They increase the likelihood of repetition
• What effect does punishment have on behaviour?

  It decreases the likelihood of repetition
• What are the key concepts of classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

  Classical Conditioning:

  • Learning through association
  • Example: Pavlov's dogs salivating to a bell

  
  

  Operant Conditioning:

  • Learning shaped by consequences
  • Positive reinforcement: Reward for behaviour
  • Negative reinforcement: Avoiding unpleasant outcomes
  • Punishment: Unpleasant consequence of behaviour