Comparison of app

• What does the psychodynamic approach emphasize in child development?

  Coherent theory tied to psychosexual stages
• How does Freud view development after the genital stage?

  He saw little further development
• What do stage theories within the cognitive approach contribute to?

  Understanding of child development
• What do children form as part of their intellectual development?

  Increasingly complex concepts (schema)
• What principle is important in the biological approach to child development?

  Maturation
• How does maturation influence child development?

  It influences physiological and psychological characteristics
• What do humanistic psychologists believe about the development of the self?

  It is ongoing throughout life
• Why is childhood considered a particularly important period in humanistic psychology?

  Due to the importance of parental relationships
• How do the behaviourist approach and social learning theory view development?

  As continuous processes occurring at any age
• What is the nature versus nurture debate about?

  Influence of biology versus environment on behavior
• How do behaviourists characterize babies at birth?

  As 'blank slates'
• What do behaviourists suggest about the origin of behavior?

  It comes from learned associations
• What does the biological approach argue about behavior?

  It results from a genetic blueprint
• How does the environment influence behavior according to the biological approach?

  It influences how genetic traits are expressed
• What did Freud believe about the drivers of behavior?

  Biological drives and instincts play a role
• What role do relationships with parents play according to Freud?

  They are fundamental for future development
• How do humanistic psychologists view the impact of parents and society?

  As critical for self-concept development
• What do cognitive psychologists recognize about information processing abilities?

  They are innate but refined through experience
• What does reductionism refer to in psychology?

  Breaking behavior into constituent parts
• What is the opposing view to reductionism?

  Holism
• How does behaviourism exemplify reductionism?

  By breaking behavior into stimulus-response units
• How does the biological approach exemplify reductionism?

  By explaining behavior at the gene or neuron level
• How does the psychodynamic approach reduce behavior?

  To the influence of sexual drives and instincts
• What is often viewed as a more holistic explanation in Freud's theory?

  Personality as a dynamic interaction of three parts
• What accusation is made against the cognitive approach?

  Machine reductionism by ignoring emotion
• How do social learning theorists reduce complex learning?

  To key processes like imitation and modeling
• What distinguishes humanistic psychology from other approaches?

  It formulates a holistic approach to behavior
• What are the key approaches to child development in psychology?

  • Psychodynamic approach
  • Cognitive approach
  • Biological approach
  • Humanistic psychology
  • Behaviourist approach and social learning theory
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of reductionism and holism in psychology?

  Strengths of reductionism:

  • Simplifies complex behaviors for study
  • Facilitates controlled experiments

  
  

  Weaknesses of reductionism:

  • May overlook important interactions
  • Can lead to oversimplification

  
  

  Strengths of holism:

  • Considers multiple factors
  • Provides a comprehensive understanding

  
  

  Weaknesses of holism:

  • More difficult to test scientifically
  • Can be less precise
• What is determinism often confused with?

  Reductionism
• What does determinism propose about behavior?

  All behavior has an internal or external cause
• How does the behaviourist approach view behavior?

  As environmentally determined by external influences
• What is operant conditioning?

  A method of learning through rewards and punishments
• What does the biological approach advocate regarding behavior?

  Much behavior is directed by innate influences
• What is psychic determinism a key feature of?

  The psychodynamic approach
• What drives our behavior according to psychic determinism?

  Unconscious forces
• What are the two views of determinism described?

  Hard determinism and soft determinism
• How does the cognitive approach view our thoughts and behaviors?

  We are the 'choosers' within limits
• What is reciprocal determinism according to social learning theorists?

  We influence our environment through our behaviors
• Which psychological approach asserts that humans have free will?

  Humanistic psychology