A01

• What does the behavioural approach emphasize in behaviour acquisition?

  The role of learning
• What does the behavioural approach focus on?

  Observable behaviour
• What are the key behavioural aspects of phobias identified?

  • Panic
  • Avoidance
  • Endurance
• What does the behavioural approach explain regarding phobias?

  It explains behavioural aspects, not cognitive or emotional
• Who proposed the two-process model of phobias?

  Orval Hobart Mower
• What does the two-process model state about phobias?

  Phobias are acquired by classical conditioning
• What is the role of operant conditioning in phobias?

  It maintains phobias over time
• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning to associate a neutral stimulus with a fear
• What is a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?

  Something initially without fear
• Who created a phobia in 'Little Albert'?

  John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
• What was 'Little Albert's' initial reaction to the white rat?

  He tried to play with it
• What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the 'Little Albert' experiment?

  A loud, frightening noise
• What is the unconditioned response (UCR) in the 'Little Albert' experiment?

  Fear from the loud noise
• What happens when the neutral stimulus (NS) and UCS are presented together?

  The NS becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS)
• What is the conditioned response (CR) in the 'Little Albert' experiment?

  Fear when seeing the rat
• What is generalization in the context of 'Little Albert'?

  Fear extends to similar objects
• What furry objects did 'Little Albert' show distress towards?

  A rabbit, fur coat, Santa beard
• Why do phobias tend to be long-lasting according to Mowrer?

  Due to operant conditioning
• What is operant conditioning?

  Behaviour reinforced by rewards or punishments
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Avoiding unpleasant situations
• How does avoidance behaviour relate to phobias?

  It reinforces the phobia by reducing fear
• What happens when a phobic stimulus is avoided?

  Fear and anxiety are successfully escaped
• What are the key components of the two-process model of phobias?

  1. Acquisition by classical conditioning

  • Neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus

  1. Maintenance by operant conditioning

  • Avoidance behaviour reinforced by escaping fear