A03

• What is one strength of the two-process model?

  Its real-world application in exposure therapies
• How does the two-process model explain the maintenance of phobias?

  Phobias are maintained by avoidance of the stimulus
• What happens when avoidance behavior is prevented in phobia treatment?

  Phobia ceases to be reinforced and declines
• In behavioral terms, what does the phobia represent?

  The avoidance behavior of the individual
• What is the value of the two-process approach in treating phobias?

  • Identifies a means of treating phobias
  • Focuses on exposure to phobic stimuli
  • Reduces avoidance behavior
• What is one limitation of the two-process model?

  It does not account for cognitive aspects
• What key behavior does the two-process model focus on in phobias?

  Avoidance of the phobic stimulus
• Why is the two-process model inadequate in explaining phobias?

  It does not explain phobic cognitions
• What irrational beliefs do people with phobias hold?

  Beliefs about the danger of the phobic stimulus
• What evidence supports the link between bad experiences and phobias?

  The Little Albert study and Ad De Jongh's study
• What percentage of people with dental fear experienced trauma according to Ad De Jongh et al. (2006)?

  73%
• How does the control group in Ad De Jongh's study compare to those with dental anxiety?

  Only 21% had experienced a traumatic event
• What does the association between stimulus and unconditioned response indicate?

  It leads to the development of a phobia
• What is a counterpoint to the two-process model regarding phobias?

  Not all phobias follow a bad experience
• What does the evidence suggest about the relationship between frightening experiences and phobias?

  Not all frightening experiences lead to phobias
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the two-process model in explaining phobias?

  Strengths:

  • Real-world application in therapies
  • Links between bad experiences and phobias

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Ignores cognitive aspects
  • Not all phobias follow bad experiences