A03

• What is one strength of localisation theory?

  Damage to brain areas linked to disorders
• What is neurosurgery used for in mental disorders?

  It targets specific brain areas involved
• What does cingulotomy isolate?

  The cingulate gyrus
• What mental disorder is associated with cingulotomy?

  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
• How many people with OCD were reported in Dougherty et al.'s study?

  44 people
• What percentage of patients met the criteria for successful response after cingulotomy?

  About 30%
• What does the success of cingulotomy suggest?

  Behaviours linked to disorders may be localised
• What is another strength of localisation theory?

  Evidence from brain scans supports localisation
• What did Petersen et al. (1988) demonstrate using brain scans?

  Wernicke's and Broca's areas are active in tasks
• What did Buckner and Petersen (1996) find about memory types?

  Semantic and episodic memories are localised
• What do objective methods for measuring brain activity provide?

  Scientific evidence for localised brain functions
• What challenge to localisation theory did Karl Lashley present?

  Learning requires all parts of the cortex
• What did Lashley remove from rats in his study?

  10% to 50% of the cortex
• What did Lashley's findings suggest about cognitive processes?

  They are distributed rather than localised
• What is one limitation of localisation theory regarding language?

  Language may not be confined to two areas
• What percentage of researchers believe language is controlled by Broca's and Wernicke's areas?

  Only 2%
• What advances have improved the study of neural processes?

  Brain imaging techniques like fMRI
• What have recent studies identified about language function?

  Language function is distributed across the cortex
• What does the distribution of language function suggest about localisation theory?

  Language may be organised more holistically
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of localisation theory?

  Strengths:

  • Links between brain damage and disorders
  • Evidence from brain scans supports localisation

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Learning processes may be distributed
  • Language function may not be confined to specific areas