working memory model

• In what year did Baddeley and Hitch propose the working memory model?

  1974
• What is the working memory model primarily concerned with studying?

  How short-term memory works
• What are the three main components of the working memory model?

  • Central executive
  • Phonological loop
  • Visuospatial sketch pad
• Which component of the working memory model is responsible for driving the entire system?

  Central executive
• What are the main functions of the central executive in the working memory model?

  Directs attention and gives priority to activities
• How did Baddeley and Hitch conceptualize the central executive's function within the working memory model?

  As a system controlling attentional processes
• Which type of material is primarily handled by the phonological loop?

  Spoken and written material
• What are the two subcomponents of the phonological loop?

  • Phonological store
  • Articulatory control process
• What is the primary function of the articulatory control process?

  Rehearses information from the phonological store
• How does the articulatory control process help in retaining information?

  Circulates information like a loop
• What other function does the articulatory control process perform besides rehearsing verbal information?

  Converts written material into articulatory code
• How long does the phonological store hold information in speech-based form?

  1-2 seconds
• How do spoken words enter the phonological store differently from written words?

  Spoken words enter directly
• Before written words enter the phonological store, what must happen?

  Conversion to articulatory code
• What is the main function of the visuospatial sketchpad (VSS)?

  Helps keep track of our environment
• Which type of information does the visuospatial sketchpad primarily deal with?

  Visual and spatial info
• Where does the visuospatial sketchpad hold and manipulate visual and spatial information?

  In long-term memory
• What does evidence suggest about how working memory handles visual and verbal information?

  Uses two different systems
• Why is it difficult to perform two visual tasks simultaneously according to the working memory model?

  They interfere with each other
• What happens to performance when two visual tasks interfere with each other?

  Performance is reduced
• What does empirical evidence suggest about performing two tasks that use the same component of working memory?

  Tasks interfere with each other
• According to the working memory model, what should happen when two tasks use different components?

  Tasks can be performed as well together
• In what year was the Baddeley and Hitch experiment conducted to investigate working memory?

  1976
• What was the aim of Baddeley and Hitch's (1976) experiment?

  If participants can use different parts
• What type of experiment did Baddeley and Hitch conduct in their 1976 study?

  An experiment
• What two tasks were participants asked to perform simultaneously in the Baddeley and Hitch (1976) experiment?

  • A digit span task
  • A verbal reasoning task
• What was the dependent variable in the Baddeley and Hitch (1976) experiment?

  Time to answer reasoning questions
• In the Baddeley and Hitch experiment, how did the time to answer reasoning questions change as the number of digits increased?

  Took fractions of a second longer
• In the Baddeley and Hitch experiment, how did the number of errors in the verbal reasoning tasks change as the digits increased?

  No more errors were made
• Which component of the working memory model did Baddeley and Hitch suggest was used for the digit span task?

  Phonological loop
• According to Baddeley and Hitch's study, which component of working memory was primarily used for the verbal reasoning task?

  Central executive
• What are the strengths of the working memory model?

  • Applies to real life tasks
  • STM is made of components
  • Makes sense of a range of tasks
  • Supported by dual task studies
  • Doesn't over emphasise rehearsal
• How does the working memory model apply to real-life tasks like reading?

  Reading uses the phonological loop
• Which component of the working memory model is most involved in problem-solving activities?

  Central executive
• Which component of the working memory model is most involved in navigation?

  Visual and spatial processing
• What is the general consensus among researchers regarding the structure of short-term memory today?

  It's made up of components
• How does the working memory model improve upon the multi-store model of memory (MSM)?

  Doesn't over emphasise rehearsal
• What are the limitations of the working memory model?

  • Little evidence to show how CE works
  • Only involves STM
  • Does not explain changes in processing
• What is a primary criticism regarding the central executive component of the working memory model?

  Little evidence of how it works
• Why is the working memory model considered not a comprehensive model of memory?

  Only involves short-term memory